Transcript Document

Cosolvent Flushing and
Enhanced Bioremediation
at a Dry Cleaner Site
By
Michael D. Annable
Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences
1
Project Team
University of Florida
• Mike Annable, James Jawitz, Mike Brooks
• Suresh Rao, Irene Poyer (Purdue)
USEPA-NRMRL-SPRD-Ada
• Guy W. Sewell, Lynn Wood, Susan Mravik
• Frank Beck, Ken Jewell, Tony Lee, Steve Acree, Randal Ross
LFR Levine-Fricke
• Kevin Warner
• Randy Sillan
MSU
• James M. Tiedje, Shannon Flynn
2
Project Funding – State of Florida, EPA-TIO, Florida Center for
Soild and Hazardous Waste Management, SERDP (FIBRC-WES)
Brief Cosolvent Flushing History
3
•Before 1980 Cosolvents theory - Pharmaceuticals
•Mid 1980s Cosolvents used to study transport of
hydrophobic compounds in soils
•Early 1990s Cosolvents investigated for remediation
•1995 First Cosolvent Flood at Hill AFB (Florida)
•1996 Second Cosolvent Flood at Hill AFB
(Clemson)
•1998 Cosolvent Flood at a Dry Cleaner Site (LFR,
Sages)
•1999 Cosolvent Flood at Dover AFB
•2001 2nd Cosolvent Flood at Dover AFB (Clemson)
•2002-3 Full-Scale Flood at Sages (Others?)
Sages Dry Cleaner Site
Jacksonville, Florida
4
Pilot test at Jacksonville, FL (Sages):
• Dry Cleaner PCE source zone
• 8 to 9.5 m below ground surface
• 7 m long by 3 m wide
• Performanced based cores and tracers
5
Sages Site
• 3 Injection Wells (IWs)
• 6 Recovery Wells (RWs)
• 7 Multi-Level Samplers (MLSs)
2193148
Northing (ft)
RW003
2193144
IW001
MLS-2
IW002
MLS-1
466518
RW005
MLS-6
MLS-5
RW006
RW007
466514
MLS-4
IW003
MLS-7
2193136
466510
6
MLS-3
RW002
2193140
RW004
466522
466526
Easting (ft)
466530
466534
466538
High Frequency Soil Sampling at Sages
IW002
27
26
28
27
Depth BGS (ft)
Depth BGS (ft)
26
29
30
Thin lenses of
DNAPL on
minor
permeability
contrasts
28
29
30
31
31
32
0
7
RW007
25
20000
40000
mg PCE/L MeCl
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
mg PCE/L MeCl
Sages Well Layout
Recovery
wells
Injection
wells
8
Sages Site
Partitioning Tracer Test:
SN = 0.26 %
VPCE  50 L
1
RW007
C/C0
0.1
2-ethyl-1-hexanol
0.01
0.01
0.001
0.001
0.0001
0.0001
20
40
60
Volume (kL)
MLS-4 Red
SN = 1.0 %
0.1
methanol
0
9
1
80
100
0
1
2
3
4
Time (d)
5
6
Sages Site
10
1
10
0.8
8
0.6
6
0.4
4
0.2
2
0
0
3.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time (days)
2.5
3
P a c k e r H e ig h t (ft)
F lo w ra te (g p m )
Cosolvent Flushing
95 % consumable
grade ethanol
200
RW002
PCE
16
ethanol
120
12
80
8
40
4
0
E th a n o l ( % )
160
P C E ( m g /L )
Cosolvent Flushing
20
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Volume (kL)
1200
60
RW003
PCE
50
ethanol
800
40
600
30
400
20
200
10
0
0
0
10
20
30
Volume (kL)
11
40
50
E th a n o l ( % )
P C E ( m g /L )
1000
Total PCE
Removed
67.4 kg
41.5 L
Sages Site
Waste Treatment:
 Air Stripping
 Macro Porous Polymer (MPP)
Trailer-mounted MPP system
12
PCE recovered from effluent
Summary Results
Cosolvent Extraction:
43 L PCE Removed (Mass Recovery)
~63 % PCE Removed (Partitioning Tracer)
65% Removal based on Soil Core Data
13
Average Conc. of PCE (mg/L)
Concentration (or Flux)
Reduction in the Source Zone
60
Average = 49 mg/L
50
40
Average = 26 mg/L
30
20
10
0
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Post-Remediation Time (Years)
14
Mass Reduction = 64% : Flux Reduction = 47%
n = 35 sampling locations
Solvent Extraction
Residual Biotreatment
(source management)
• Remove more accessible fraction of
DNAPL, lower dissolved
concentrations/flux. Reduce time/distance
needed to meet GW quality objectives.
• Activate reductive bio-transformations in
high redox environments.
• Insure supply of e- donor, accelerate process
and reduce uncertainty.
• Meet regulatory requirements.
15
Pre-Cosolvent Flush
Site Characterization
• Aerobic Conditions
• Low levels of daughter products (TCE)
• DNAPL contamination identified at 26
to 31 ft. bgs
16
Cosolvent Extraction
Injection Well
Ethanol Flush
90%+ Mass Removal
GW Flow
17
Recovery
Well
Residual Contaminants
Restoration?, Risk Reduction?
PCE
Ethanol Mixed
GW Flow
18
Bioremediation
FNA, Dissolution < Assimilative Capacity
Bioactive Zone
GW Flow
19
Sage’s Dry Cleaner Site
Jacksonville, Florida
ASPHALT
MW-514 C4 MW-513C3
CONCRETE
SLAB
MW-512
MW-505
MLS
RW-003
C2
C1
MW-509
MW-510
MW-508
MW-511
0 ft.
20
20 ft.
RW-004
RW-005
RW-002
40 ft.
RW-007 RW-006
MW-507
60 ft.
80 ft.
DNAPL
AREA
MW-506
PCE
80,000 µg/l = 480 µM
~1 Month Post-Flush
Pre-Ethanol Flush (with Day 29 data)
80000 ug/L
MW3
MW3
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
70000 ug/L
ASPHALT
C4
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
ASPHALT
C4
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
60000 ug/L
ASPHALT
C7/ 20
MW1
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
MW-505
C10/ 19
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
MW-505
C10/ 19
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
MW-509
C7/ 20
MW1
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
MW-509
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
MW-507
MW-507
50000 ug/L
40000 ug/L
C5/ 11
C5/ 11
MW2
MW2
~2.5 Months Post-Flush
~4 Months Post-Flush
30000 ug/L
MW3
MW3
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
20000 ug/L
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
C4
10000 ug/L
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
C10/ 19
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
MW-507
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
C4
MW-505
C10/ 19
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
MW-509
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
21
C5/ 11
C5/ 11
MW2
MW2
C7/ 20
MW1
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
MW-505
MW-509
0 ug/L
C7/ 20
MW1
MW-507
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
PCE
~25 Months Post-Flush
80000 ug/L
~28 Months Post-Flush
MW3
MW3
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
70000 ug/L
ASPHALT
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
C4
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
60000 ug/L
C7/ 20
MW1
ASPHALT
C4
50000 ug/L
40000 ug/L
MW-506
MW-509
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
MW-507
C5/ 11
C5/ 11
MW2
MW2
~31 Months Post-Flush
30000 ug/L
MW3
ASPHALT
20000 ug/L
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
10000 ug/L
C4
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
MW-505
C10/ 19
0 ug/L
MW-509
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
22
C5/ 11
MW2
C7/ 20
MW1
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
MW-507
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
MW-505
C10/ 19
AREA
DNAPL
MW-509
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
MW-505
C10/ 19
ASPHALT
C7/ 20
MW1
MW-507
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
cis-DCE
16,000 µg/l = 165 µM
~1 Month Post-Flush
Pre-Ethanol Flush (with Day 29 data)
16000 ug/L
MW3
MW3
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
14000 ug/L
ASPHALT
C4
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
12000 ug/L
C7/ 20
MW1
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
SLAB
CONCRETE
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
MW-505
C10/ 19
MW-509
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
ASPHALT
C3/ 15
C4
MW-505
C10/ 19
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
C7/ 20
MW1
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
MW-509
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
MW-507
MW-507
10000 ug/L
8000 ug/L
6000 ug/L
C5/ 11
C5/ 11
MW2
MW2
~2.5 Months Post-Flush
~4 Months Post-Flush
MW3
MW3
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
4000 ug/L
ASPHALT
C4
C7/ 20
MW1
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
MW-509
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
C5/ 11
MW2
MW-505
C10/ 19
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
MW-509
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
MW-507
0 ug/L
23
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
MW-505
C10/ 19
2000 ug/L
ASPHALT
C4
C5/ 11
MW2
C7/ 20
MW1
MW-507
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
cis-DCE
~25 Months Post-Flush
16000 ug/L
~28 Months Post-Flush
MW3
MW3
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
14000 ug/L
ASPHALT
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
C4
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
12000 ug/L
C7/ 20
MW1
ASPHALT
C4
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
MW-505
C10/ 19
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
MW-509
MW-509
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
C7/ 20
MW1
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
MW-505
C10/ 19
ASPHALT
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
MW-507
MW-507
10000 ug/L
C5/ 11
C5/ 11
MW2
MW2
8000 ug/L
~31 Months Post-Flush
6000 ug/L
MW3
ASPHALT
4000 ug/L
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
C4
2000 ug/L
MW-512
MW-514 MW-513
C2/ 14
C1/ 16/ 17/ 18
MW-505
C10/ 19
0 ug/L
24
MW-509
MW-510
MW-511 MW-508
C5/ 11
MW2
C7/ 20
MW1
SLAB
CONCRETE
C3/ 15
MW-507
AREA
DNAPL
MW-506
Next look at flux
across a multilevel
sampler transect
Total Plume Mass Load
1.4
Mass Load (g/day)
1.2
1
0.8
PCE
TCE
c-DCE
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
Post-Remediation Time (years)
25
4.00
5.00
Molar Mass Load
(mmoles/day)
Molar Based Total Load
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.00
PCE
TCE
c-DCE
Total
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Post-Remediation Time (years)
Increased mass flux caused by enhanced dissolution?
26
SUMMARY
Solvent Extraction:
43 L PCE Removed (Mass Recovery)
~64 % PCE Removed
Source Zone Flux
47% reduction in PCE concentration in
the source zone multilevel sampler network
PCE Daughter Product Formation
Significant increase in cis-DCE mass
27
For additional indications of Biological Activity
See the Sages Poster
What’s Next?
Full Scale Remediation at Sages (early 2003)
Monitoring Mass Flux from the
Source Zone and in the Plume?
28