Transcript Document

FACTORS INFLUENCE HOUSEHOLD TO USE
AND MAINTAIN LATRINES AFTER
OPEN DEFECATION FREE DECLARATION
IN ERMERA DISTRICT, TIMOR-LESTE
09 May 2013
Prepared by: Ivo Guterres
ID. 5578834953
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Background & Rational
Region
Access to improve
sanitation facility (%)
Not access to
improve sanitation
facility (%)
Sources
World’s population
62%
38%
WHO, 2008
Developed region
99%
1%
African Region
60%
40%
(Anteneh & Kumie,
2010)
Southern Asia
33%
67%
(Frumkin 2010).
Oceania
52%
48%
(Frumkin 2010).
Developing country
(Rural area)
20%
80%
(Anteneh Kumie,
2010)
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Cont. background
 Timor-Leste accessibility to Improve
Sanitation
Area
Current sanitation situation
(2010)
To achieved
MDG 2015
Sources
Access (%)
Not (%)
Urban
65%
14%
80%
TL DHS, 2010
&
Rural
34%
45%
55%
TL National
Basic
Sanitation
Policy, 2012
Total
41%
37%
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Background & Rational
• Respiratory and diarrheal diseases the top two causes of
infant and child mortality in Timor-Leste, both of which are
strongly linked to inadequate sanitation and hygiene.
Diarrhoea alone is responsible for more than 380 child
deaths per year in Timor-Leste.
• CLTS-based approaches have been adopted by the
Government of Timor-Leste as a National Sanitation
policy.
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Research Objectives
 General Objective:
 To find out the relationship between latrine use and Socio Demographic, traditional
believe, attitude, socioeconomic status and environmental factors.
 To identify key information related to Environmental Health Department for scaling
up community led total sanitation (CLTS) program.
 Specific objective:
 To find out how many percentage of household are using and maintains the latrines
and how many are stopped after open defecation free declaration (ODF declaration)
in Ermera District.
 Use the information provided by a household representative find out the continued
use or cessation of the latrines.
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Conceptual framework
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Socio Demographic:




Age
Gender
Marital status
Religion
Traditional practice
belief and attitude
Knowledge on latrines
and associated diseases

Socioeconomic status of
household:




Latrine use and
maintenance
Level of Education
Household Income
Family size
Latrine condition
Environmental factor:
 Neighborhood
 Water sources
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Study Area
District profile
Capital TL
58 km
Located West –
Central TL
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Cont. Literature review
 Number of population:117,064 peoples
 Number of household: 19,280
household, across in 5 Sub district
(Atsabe, Ermera, Hatulia, Letefoho and
Railaco) and 52 villages.
 The majority of the population has
Catholic religion.
 Official language Tetum and
Portuguese. Mambae as local dialect.
 The majority of community income,
coffee plantation.
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Research Methodology
 Research design
 Cross-sectional study
 Was used quantitative data design to access information from
the subject.
 Study Area
 The study was implemented in Haupu village (6 sub villages),
Letefoho Sub District, Ermera District, Timor-Leste.
 Study Population
 The study population were 19.280 households in Ermera
District with total population 117.064 peoples. (Source:
Census Timor-Leste, 2010)
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Cont. Research Methodology
 Sample Technique
• The study were covered for 19.280 households in Ermera district.
The sample size in this research was calculated by Taro Yamanae’s formula
(Yamane, 1973).
n = N/ (1+Ne2)
n= Sample size,
N= Population and
e= Error of the sampling (0. 05)
• The sample size for this study was calculated as follows:
n = 19,280 / (1+19,280(0.05)2
= 391
+ 10%
= 430 households
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PURPOSIVE
Flow chart sampling technique
1st stage
ERMERA DISTRICT
IDENTIFY 1 AMONG 3
DISTRICTS IMPLEMENTED
CLTS
LETEFOHO
SUB DISTRICT
IDENTIFY 1AMONG 3 FROM 5
SUB DISTRICTS
IMPLEMENTED CLTS BY
USING SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
2nd stage
3rd stage
2 VILLAGES (DUCURAI
AND HAUPU
2 VILLAGES IMPLEMENTED
CLTS APPROACH BY USING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
HAUPU VILLAGE
4th
SELECT VILLAGE THAT
COMPLETELY DECLARED ODF
BY USING SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
stage
5th stage
SELECT 6 FROM 12 SUB
VILLAGES BY USING SIMPLE
RANDOM SAMPLING
SUB VILLAGE
6th stage
430 HH
HOUSE TO HOUSE SURVEY FOR
ALL HOUSEHOLD IN 6 SUB
VILLAGES BY USED RANDOM
SAMPLING TO SELECT FIRST
HOUSEHOLD TO START SURVEY
IN EACH OF THE SUB VILLAGE.
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Cont. Research Methodology
Data collection
 Data was collected by house to house survey.
 5 interviewers with background education from senior high school
were had been attended training on data survey and has experienced in
many survey and 1 supervisor had background from public health
degree and had experience many years in public health area, were
recruited and two days trained by the principle researcher.
 Field supervisions and daily meetings during data collection were
intense to ensure the quality of data collection.
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Cont. Research Methodology
Data Analysis (statistics)
 After complete all questionnaires, recheck, coded and entre
into computer by researcher.
 Data was used Statistical Package for Social Science
(program SPSS 17.0.) and Excel Program for data entry and
analysis.
 Data was analysis with Chi square to determine relationship
between independent and dependent variables.
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Finding
Latrine use
%
Continue use
47.2
Stopped
52.8
Majority of them, 49%
has been used pit without
slap/earth.
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Finding
Independent variables which association with latrine use and maintenance
No
Variable
Descriptive
p -value
1.
Gender
M=57.6%
F=42.4%
0.002
2.
Level of Education
54% had no education
<0.001
3.
Occupation
34.1% farm
4.
Income
59.2% < U$100/month
<0.001
5.
Family size
49.2% ranged among 6-10
peoples/household
<0.001
0.01
Finding
No
Variable
Descriptive
Significant association
p-value
6.
Neighbor
influence
36.8% respondents
influenced by neighbor to
build and use latrine
There was a strong significant
association between influences
neighbor with latrine
< .001
7.
Knowledge
86%-93% has positive
knowledge to use latrine.
Moderate knowledge more likely to use
and maintain latrine compared to those
who had high and low knowledge (14-19)
scores
0.002
8.
Attitude
24%-59% has positive
attitude
moderate attitude more use and maintain
latrine compared to those who living in
high and low attitude (36-46) scores
<0.001
9.
Practice
18.7% use latrine every
day to defecated
The respondents who had moderate
practice more likely to use and
maintain latrine compared to those
were low and high practice (13-18)
scores
<0.001
Finding
Independent variables which no association with latrine use and maintenance
No
Variable
Descriptive
p -value
1.
Age
Respondent age was 27.1%
among 40 - 49 years old,
0.095
2.
Marital Status
72.7% was married.
0.204
3.
Water source
54.9% : spring water
0.959
29.5% with distance ≤ 10
Cont. Research Methodology
Limitation
 The study was conducted in one village within the district, so cannot
generalize to all population.
 Lack of information and data from researcher regarding to the CLTS
approach in Haupu village.
 Behavior aspects of the community cannot be understood in short
time.
 Luck of information about the reason why respondent want to
continue or stopped use and maintain latrine.
 Limited of time for search information more deeply.
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Recommendation
 Providing awareness activities through health education
and promoting latrine use and maintenance on regular
basis
 Improve knowledge, attitudes and practices, of use and
maintain latrine, advise household members include to
use and maintain latrine.
 Increase health promotion and education due to
water sanitation and hygiene program at the rural
area.
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Cont. Recommendation
 Strengthening collaboration within relevant ministries,
institution and partners are the key important role to
monitoring and supervise sustainability of latrine use and
maintenance in the future.
 For further research could be conducted to determine factors
about household continue and stopped to use latrine and
 Factor determinant latrine use for children under five years
old.
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