Islam Spreads: India and Southeast Asia

Islam in South Asia/India

• • •

1 st Wave: INVASIONS

711: Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered Sind region & Indus Valley for Umayyad • • People welcomed lower taxes religious tolerance India influenced Islam: Math, astronomy, medicine, music, building styles, Hindu mysticism(?)

.

• • • •

2 nd Wave of Invasions

Mahmud of Ghazni- from Afghanistan took India from declining Abbasids WHY? extravagant wealth of empire Muhammad of Ghur expanded to Bengal Sultans established capital at Delhi with a variety of Persian, Turkish, Afghan until 16 th century

• • •

Patterns of Conversion

Islamic conversion was voluntary and peaceful Sufi mystics attractive to Buddhists, untouchables & low caste groups Merchant converts improved economic relationships with Muslim traders

We see the 3 Ms!!!

• • • Military- Mahmud, Delhi Merchants Missionary- Sufi’s and untouchables

Muslim v. Hindu

• Islam • • Rigid egalitarian, • stern doctrine • Monotheistic • adopted Hindu styles • marriage practices • Hinduism: • Absorptive • supportive of caste system • responded with focus on Bhakti mystic cults • Most showed little interest in Islam

Islam & SE Asia

• • • 8 th 13 th century: Coastal trade (2 nd “M”!) dominated by Muslims; century: Collapse of Shrivijaya (SE Asian trading empire) allowed Islam's entrance Merchants & Sufis (3 rd “M”!) brought Islam to Malacca to Malaya & Sumatra; Sufis tolerated earlier animist, Hindu & Buddhist beliefs Bali & Mainland SE Asia did not convert

African Civilization & the Spread of Islam

Chapter 8

I. African Societies

Pre-Islam •

Bantu migration

provided common language background • Animistic religion & belief in naturalistic forces; common belief in creator deity • Mixed Economy: agriculture, Active trade & Market Life http://www.google.com/imgres?q=bantu+migration&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=840&tbm=isch&tbnid=qHelsCvf9NjTw M:&imgrefurl=http://people.eku.edu/davisb/Africa/Ch7notes.htm&docid=9KQlxftqqoWBjM&imgurl=http://people.eku.edu/davisb/Africa/Bantu migrationmap1.gif&w=405&h=405&ei=xqRYUPu9CMr0iQLl14GYBQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=63&sig=107074975010236596184&page=1&tbnh= 152&tbnw=152&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:76&tx=102&ty=84&surl=1

• •

Arrival of Islam

Between 640-700 Muslim conquered N. Africa; conversion was rapid. Why?

• Equality, Political Unity attractive to diverse Africans Native African Berber Kingdoms emerged in opposition to Arabs. Who?

• Almoravids & Almohadis became radical Islamic movement pushing Islam South; used jihad-

holy war

http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=36412

Christian Kingdoms

 Axum, Egypt & Nubia (descendents of Kush)  Ethiopia emerged as new Christian dynasty from Axum; struggles between Christian & Muslim persist http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=bantu+migration&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&biw=1280&bih=840&wrapid=tlif134798651204210&surl=1&safe=active&um= 1&ie=UTF 8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=VqRYUKKpBuHWiwKuzYD4Dg#um=1&hl=en&safe=active&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=north+africa+map&oq=north+africa+map&gs_ l=img.1.0.0j0i5l2j0i24l7.8484.11063.11.13907.12.10.0.0.0.1.188.1062.6j4.10.0...0.0...1c.1.yOqCfrwz27g&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=fa0fa40884b0c6b7&biw=79 2&bih=478

Ghana • There were a number of Sudanic States: Ghana was the first large empire (trade and location)

Mali

• Economy • Agricultural basis • • • with active trade (salt, gold, etc) specialized trading group, juula Strong legal authority provided easy travel and trade • • Politics • Sundiata attained legendary hero status attributed with social structure; 16 clans of free people, 5 religious clans, 4 specialized clans • Mansa Musa’s Muslim pilgrimage gave Mali recognition & new innovation • • Brought renown to Mali He brought back architect Ishak al-Sahili from Muslim Spain

• • • • Social and Intellectual Towns commercial with many foreign residents Cosmopolitan court of merchants, scholars attracted by power of Sudanic states Timbuktu- Books were symbol of Islamic African civilization 80% of villagers lived by farming with intensive labor requiring multiple wives and many children

• • • • Songhay Kingdom began to form in 7 th dominated Mali by 1370s century; Sunni Ali, excelled as commander and leader, established askia (future Songhay leaders) Religion -was syncretist fusion of Islam & pagan beliefs that encouraged strict interpretation of Sharia law How was Songhai defeated?

Songhay ruled until defeated in 1591 by a Muslim army from Morrocco

Sudanic States: Ghana, Mali, Songhay

• Politics • • • Patriarchal Leaders or Councils Sacred Rulers associated with rituals Ruling leaders used Islamic titles like caliph to reinforce position • same linguistic/ethnicity • All used taxes, military support of conquered peoples

• Religion- Islam emerges to reinforce idea of kingship AND leaderships reinforces Islam • Common Religion & Law provided unity • Society • still matrilineal • allowed freedom of movement for women despite Arab restriction • Islam encouraged/spread slavery

Swahili Coast Coastal Trading Ports

 Originally inhabited by Bantu people  merchants from M. East, China, India  Swahili language & cultural traits mixed with active coastal commerce  Islam brought to E. Africa from Indian merchants which facilitate trade relationships; primarily among upper ruling merchant classes