Transcript Mineral Supplementation Strategies

Characterizing Change
in the Beef Industry
Justin W. Waggoner, Ph.D.
Beef Systems Specialist
Kansas State University
Garden City, KS
Change
Discussion
Changes in the cattle feeding industry
from feed yard closeout data
 Mature animal size
 Animal Performance
 Implications of these changes on
nutrition and management of the
nation’s cowherd
Data Collected from 1990-2009
(9,373,819 cattle)
K-State Focus on Feedlots
Previous K-State faculty
 Chris Reinhardt, Ron Hale, Gerry Kuhl, Larry Corah,
Jack Riley, Calvin Drake
Participating yards
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Brookover Ranch Feed Yard
Decatur County Feed Yard
DM & M Feed Yard
Fairleigh Feed Yard
Hoxie Feed Yard
HyPlains Feed Yard
Kearney County Feeders
Poky Feeders
Pratt Feeders
Supreme Cattle Feeders
K-State Focus on Feedlots
Market Weights (1990-2009)
1500
Steers
lbs / head
1400
Heifers
1300
1200
1100
1000
1990
2009
Change
%
Steers, lbs
1187
1343
+ 156
13.18
Heifers, lbs
1041
1218
+ 177
17.00
Jan-09
Jan-08
Jan-07
Jan-06
Jan-05
Jan-04
Jan-03
Jan-02
Jan-01
Jan-00
Jan-99
Jan-98
Jan-97
Jan-96
Jan-95
Jan-94
Jan-93
Jan-92
Jan-91
Jan-90
900
K-State Focus on Feedlots
Average Daily Gain (1990-2009)
4.00
lbs / head / day
Steers
Heifers
3.50
3.00
2.50
1990
2009
Change
%
Steers, lbs/d
3.09
3.54
+ 0.45
14.47
Heifers, lbs/d
2.76
3.21
+ 0.45
16.35
Jan-09
Jan-08
Jan-07
Jan-06
Jan-05
Jan-04
Jan-03
Jan-01
Jan-02
Jan-00
Jan-99
Jan-98
Jan-97
Jan-96
Jan-94
Jan-95
Jan-93
Jan-92
Jan-91
Jan-90
2.00
K-State Focus on Feedlots
Days on feed (1990-2009)
200
Steers
Heifers
Days
175
150
125
1990
2009
Change
%
Steers,d
143.3
155.0
+ 11.8
8.20
Heifers, d
137.6
152.6
+ 15.0
10.9
Jan-09
Jan-08
Jan-07
Jan-06
Jan-05
Jan-04
Jan-03
Jan-02
Jan-01
Jan-00
Jan-99
Jan-98
Jan-97
Jan-96
Jan-95
Jan-94
Jan-93
Jan-92
Jan-91
Jan-90
100
K-State Focus on Feedlots
Feed Conversion (1990-2009)
9.00
lbs DMI / lb gain
Steers
Heifers
8.00
7.00
6.00
1990
2009
Change
%
Steers, F:G
6.51
6.07
- 0.44
6.69
Heifers, F:G
6.75
6.35
- 0.40
5.93
Jan-09
Jan-08
Jan-07
Jan-05
Jan-06
Jan-04
Jan-02
Jan-03
Jan-01
Jan-00
Jan-98
Jan-99
Jan-97
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-94
Jan-93
Jan-91
Jan-92
Jan-90
5.00
Today’s Fed Cattle
1990 Vs. 2009
Fed Cattle (steers and heifers):
 15% larger at slaughter
 Spend 13.4 more days on feed
 Gain weight 15% faster
 6.31% more efficient
 0.42 less lbs feed/lb gain
Driving forces: Economics
(Cost of gain)
$ / cwt gain
$100
Steers
$85
Heifers
$70
$55
$40
Jan-90
Jan-91
Jan-92
Jan-93
Jan-94
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-97
Jan-98
Jan-99
Jan-00
Jan-01
Jan-02
Jan-03
Jan-04
Jan-05
Jan-06
Jan-07
Jan-08
Jan-09
$25
1990
2009
Change
Steers, $/cwt. gain
49.92
78.83
+ 28.91
Heifers, $/cwt. gain
52.08
83.54
+ 31.47
Driving Forces:
the rest of the story
Technologies
 Ionophores
 Implants
Improved cattle management (nutrition,
health etc.) and technology use
Genetics
 Grid marketing practices
 Branded beef programs
Commercial Beef Production,
lbs beef/cow
Beef Production, lbs/cow
850
800
750
700
650
19
9
19 0
9
19 1
9
19 2
9
19 3
9
19 4
9
19 5
9
19 6
9
19 7
9
19 8
9
20 9
0
20 0
0
20 1
0
20 2
0
20 3
0
20 4
0
20 5
0
20 6
0
20 7
0
20 8
09
600
Beef Prod. Lbs/cow
NASS, 2009; K. C. Dhuyvetter, 2010
1990
2009
% Change
697
819
17.5
Weaning Weight Trends
Across Breed EPD Genetic Trends-WEANING WEIGHT
All Breeds Presented on ANGUS EPD Base
70
Mean WW EPD
60
50
40
30
20
10
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
0
Weaber and Fennewald, 2009
AN
AR
HH
CH
GV
LM
MA
SM
Yearling Weight Trends
Across Breed EPD Genetic Trends- YEARLING WEIGHT
All Breeds Presented on ANGUS EPD Base
90
80
Mean YW EPD
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
0
Weaber and Fennewald, 2009
AN
AR
HH
CH
GV
LM
MA
SM
Mature Weights of Cows
by Sire Breed
Breed
5-year-old weight, lbs
Hereford
1,419
Angus
1,410
Red Angus
1,409
Simmental
1,404
Gelbvieh
1,323
Limousin
1,391
Charolais
1,371
50 lbs Difference in Average Bodyweight!
U.S. MARC, Germplasm Evaluation Program, 2009
Mature Cow Weights
How has the selection for heavier
weaning and yearling weights
influenced the mature size of the
nation’s cow herd?
 Questions:
 Magnitude of change?
 Implications of change?
How big is Today’s Cowherd?
Common logic
 “Mature cow weight = weight of finished offspring”
Meat Animal Research Center
 Germplasm evaluation program
 37,000+ cows
 Mature Cow Weight correlated with hot carcass weight of
progeny (0.81)
 Progeny hot carcass weight = 0.599 * (mature cow weight)
Nephawe et al., 2004
Mature Cow Weights
(Focus on Feedlots)
Estimated Mature Cow Weight Based on Steer Market Weight
Market
Carcass
Mature
Year
Wt.,
Wt.(62% DP)1
Cow Wt.,
1990
1186.8
735.8
1228
2009
1343.2
832.8
1390
Difference + 162
1Carcass
2Mature
weight = market weight * 0.62
cow weight = carcass weight/ 0.599
K-State Focus on Feedlots; Nephawe et al., 2004
Mature Cow Weights
(Federally Inspected Slaughter)
Estimated Mature Cow Weight Based
on live slaughter weights (Steers and Heifers)
FI Live
Carcass
Mature
Year
Wt., lbs
Wt.(62% DP)1, lbs
Cow Wt., lbs
1990
1140
706.8
1179
2009
1296
806.1
1346
Difference + 167
1Carcass
2Mature
weight = market weight * 0.62
cow weight = carcass weight/ 0.599
NASS, 2009; Nephawe et al., 2004
Metabolizable Energy, Mcal/d
Effect of Cow Body Weight on
Maintenance Energy Requirements
30.0
~ 9 % increase
27.0
1400 lb Cow
1200 lb Cow
24.0
21.0
18.0
15.0
1
Beef NRC, 2000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Months Since Calving
10
11
12
Effect of Cow Body Weight on
Dry Matter Intake
Dry Matter Intake, lbs/d
35.0
30.0
30
31
31
1200 lb Cow
30
29
1400 lb Cow
29
27
27
27
27
27
28
25.0
20.0
27
28
28
27
27
26
24
24
24
24
24
25
15.0
1
Beef NRC, 2000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Months Since Calving
10
11
12
Estimated Dry Matter Intake
(Annual Basis)
Cow Wt, lbs
Annual dry matter intake, lbs1
1200
9225
1400
10263
Difference +1038
1based
on 30 days per month
11% increase in annual dry matter intake!
Beef NRC, 2000
Beef Cow Calf System Efficiency
Goal:
 Convert forage into lbs of weaned calf
Measure of efficiency
 feed consumed (cow) per lb of weaned
calf
Feed Consumed (cow) per lb calf
Annual Basis
Annual
Cow Wt, lbs
DM Intake, lbs
Calf Weight, lbs
500
550
600
650
1200
9225
18.5
16.8
15.4
14.2
1400
10263
20.5
18.7
17.1
15.8
1400 lb cow has to wean at least 50 lbs more calf !
Is there optimum ?
Tough question period…..
Factors:
 Environment
• Available forage resources
 Reproduction
 Marketing strategy
• Sell at weaning/ retain ownership
Bottom Line
1990-2009
Fed cattle
 Harvested at larger weights
 Gain weight 15% faster
 Require 0.42 less lbs feed/lb gain
Increased commercial beef
production per cow by 17.5%
Consequence
Mature weight of the nation’s cowherd
has increased
1990 = 1203 lbs (1179-1228 lbs)
2009 = 1368 lbs (1346-1390 lbs)
Have we changed?