Transcript Lecture 3

Every Wednesday:
15:00 hrs to 18:00 hrs
:‫هر اربع‬
‫ وڳي تائين‬6 ‫ وڳي کان‬3 ‫شام‬
DIGITAL INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS FOR
COMMUNICATION
‫احسان احمد عرسا ِڻي‬
My Introduction
‫منهنجو تعارف‬
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Ahsan Ahmad Ursani
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Associate Professor
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Dept. of Telecommunication
Engineering
Office No: TL-117
Institute of Communication
Technologies
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Email:
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Web page:
‫احسان احمد عرساڻي‬
‫ايسوسيئيٽ پروفيسر‬
‫شعبو ڏور ربطيات‬
TL-117 :‫دفتر نمبر‬
‫انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ڪميونيڪيشن‬
‫ٽيڪناالجيز‬
:‫برق ٽپال‬
[email protected]
https://sites.google.com/a/fac :‫ويب صفحو‬
ulty.muet.edu.pk/aau/home
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The Teaching Plan
‫تدريس ي رٿا‬
Pre-Requisite:
IC Design
S. No. Chapter
Hours
1
Dynamc Combinational CMOS Logic
10
2
Designing Sequential Logic
17
3
Designing Memory and Array Structures
21
Total
48
The Textbook
‫نصابي ڪتاب‬
Digital Integrated Circuits
A Design Perspective
Jan M. Rabaey
Chapter 6, 7, & 12
Chapter 2
‫باب پهريون‬
S. No.
Topic
Hours
1
Introduction
1
2
Static Latches and Registers
1
3
Dynamic Latches and Registers
1
4
Alternative Register Styles
1
5
Pipelining: An approach to optimize sequential
1
6
Speed and Power Dissipation
1
7
Non-Bistable Sequential Circuits
1
8
Perspective: Choosing a Clocking Strategy
1
9
1
10
1
Total
10
Introduction
Timing Metrics for Sequential Circuits
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Set-Up time tsu
 Time
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Hold time thold
 Time
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before clock transition
After clock transition
worst-case propagation delay tc-q
minimum delay (contamination delay) tcd
Propagation Delay of combinational logic tplogic
Time period of the Clock signal T
Timing Metrics for Sequential Circuits
Classification of Memory Elements
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Foreground Memory
 embedded
into logic
 organized as
individual registers of
register banks
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Background Memory
 Large
amounts of
centralized memory
core
 Not the subject of this
chapter
Two types of memory
Static
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Not refreshed
frequently
Circuits with Positive
feedback
Multivibrators
Dynamic
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Refreshed frequently
In order of miliseconds
Store state of parasitic
capacitances of MOS
Higher performance
Lower Power
Dissipation
Latch
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Level-sensitive circuit
Passes input D to the Output Q
Output does not change in the HOLD MODE
Input just before the going into HOLD phase is held
stable during the following HOLD phase
An essential component of Edge-triggered Register
The +ve and the –ve Latches
A Bistable Circuit
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Basic Part of a memory
Having two stable states
Use +ve feedback
The Bistability Principle
Metastability
loop gain is greater than
unity
loop gain is much smaller
than unity
Transition from one state to the other
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This is generally done
by applying a trigger
pulse at Vi1 or Vi2
The width of the trigger
pulse need be only a
little larger than the
total propagation delay
around the circuit loop,
which is twice the
average propagation
delay of the inverters
SR Flip Flop
SR Flip-Flop
Using NAND Gates
Using NOR Gates
CMOS clocked SR flip-flop
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Fully fully-complimentary
CMOS implementation of
SR flip Flop requires 8
transistors
Clocked operation will
require extra transistors
Two Crossed Coupled
Inverters
4 extra transistors for R, S,
and CLK inputs
CMOS clocked SR flip-flop
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M4, M7, and M8 forms a
ratioed Inverter
Q is high and R is applied
we must succeed in
bringing Q below the
switching threshold of the
inverter M1-M2
Must increase the size of
M5, M6, M7, and M8
Example 7.1: Transistor Sizing of
Clocked SR Latch
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(W/L)M1= (W/L)M3= 0.5mm/0.25mm
(W/L)M2 =(W/L)M4 =1.5mm/0.25mm
VM = VDD/2
Q=0
VOL (Q=0) < VM
(W/L)M5-6 ≥ 2.26
(W/L)M5 = (W/L)M6 ≥ 4.5
DC output voltage vs.
individual pulldown device
Transient Response
Example 7.2: Propagation Delay of Static SR Flip-Flop
Problem 7.2 Complimentary CMOS SR FF
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Instead of using the
modified SR FF of Figure
7.8, it is also possible to use
complementary logic to
implement the clocked SR FF.
Derive the transistor
schematic (which consists of
12 transistors). This circuit is
more complex, but switches
faster and consumes less
switching power. Explain
why.
Multiplexer-Based Latches
Multiplexer-Based Latches
Advantages
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The feedback loop is
off while output is
changing
 Feedback
is not to be
overridden to change
the output
 Transistor sizing is not
critical to fuctionality
Disadvantages
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Clock load is 4
NMOS latch using Pass Transistors
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Clock load = 2
Degraded logic 1 passed
to the first inverter (VDD-VTN)
 For
smaller values of VDD
 Less
noise margin
 Less switching performance
 Static Power Dissipation
Master Slave Edge-triggered Register:
Positive edge-triggered
Problem 7.3: Optimization of the
Master Slave Register
I and I2 can be removed
 1
 Functionality
affected ?
Timing properties of Multiplexer-based
Master-Slave Register
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Set-up time
Hold time
Propagation Delay
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Propagation Delay of
Inverter (tpd_inv)
Propagation Delay of
Transmision Gate (tpd_tx)
tsu = 3 tpd_inv + tpd_tx
tc-q = tpd_tx (T3) + tpd_inv (I6)
thold = 0
Master Slave Edge-triggered Register:
Negative Edge-trggerred
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Draw a circuit based on transmission gate
multiplexers
Set-up time simulation in SPICE
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Progressively skew the input with respect to the clock
edge until the circuit fails
Set-up time simulation
Tsetup = 0.21 nsec
Tsetup = 0.20 nsec
Simulation of propagation delay
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Tc-q = tpd_tx (T3) + tpd_inv (I6)
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Tc-q(LH) = 160 ps
Tc-q(HL) = 180 ps
Reduced Clock Load
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Feedback
transmission gates
removed
Clock load = 4
Ratioed Logic
T1 should be
properly sized so as
to be able to change
the I1I2 state
Reverse Conduction
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T2 can also drive T1
I4 must be a weak
device to prevent it
from driving T2
Non Ideal Clock Signals
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Assumption that clock
inversion takes ZERO time
Effects of Capacitive loads
dissimilar capacitive loads
due to different data stored
in the connecting latches
Different routing conditions
of the two signals
Clock Skew
Problems due to Clock Skew
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Direct Path B/W D and Q
Race Condition
Can conduct on +ve edge
of clock
Solution to Clock Skew: Pseudostatic
2-phase D register
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Two phase Clock signal
2 non-overlaping phases
Dynamic Transmission Gate Edge
triggered Register
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tsu= tpinv
tcq= 2tpinv + tptgate
Needs Refereshing
Clock Overlap can cause
the problem called Race
1-1 Overlap
 Increasing
hold time

0-0 Overlap
 Toverlap0-0 < tT1+ tI1+ tT2
 Input
Signal D must not
be able to propagate
through T2 During 0-0 o
overlap
C2MOS – Clocked CMOS
A Clock Skew Insensitive Approach
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Positive Edge Triggered
Master –Slave Register
Clocked CMOS
CLK=0; Master samples
the inverted version of D
on X
CLK=1; Master is in the
HOLD mode and Slave
passes the value on X to Q
0 – 0 Overlap
0 – 0 Overlap
1 – 1 Overlap
1 – 1 Overlap
C2MOS – Clock Overlap
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0 – 0 overlap does not create any problem
1 – 1 overlap puts a HOLD constraint
Dual Edge Registers
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It consists of two parallel masterslave
based edge-triggered registers,
whose outputs are multiplexed using
the tri-state drivers
The advantage of this scheme is that
a lower frequency clock (half of the
original rate) is distributed for the
same functional throughput, resulting
in power savings in the clock
distribution network
True Single-Phase Clocked Register
(TSPCR)
Positive Latch
Negative Latch
Embedded logic
Example 7.4 Impact of embedding
logic into latches on performance
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Consider embedding an AND gate into the TSPC
latch, as shown in Figure 7.31b. In a 0.25
mm, the set-up time of such a circuit using minimumsize devices is 140 psec. A conventional
approach, composed of an AND gate followed by
a positive latch has an effective set-up time
of 600 psec (we treat the AND plus latch as a
black box that performs both functions). The
embedded logic approach hence results in
significant performance improvements.
Simplified TSPC latch / Split Output
Simplified TSPC Register
ADVANTAGES
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Reduced
Implementaiton Area
Less Power
Consumption
Reduced Clock Load
DISADVANTAGES
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All nodes do not
experience full logic
swing
Reduced Performance
This also limits the
amount of VDD scaling
possible on the latch
Single-phase edge-triggered register
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CLK = 0
Sampling inverted D on
node X.
The second inverter is
in the precharge mode
M6 charging up node
Y to VDD.
3rd inverter is in HOLD,
M8 and M9 are off.
Positive Edge Triggered
Single-phase edge-triggered register
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On the rising edge of
the clock, the dynamic
inverter M4-M6
evaluates. If X is high
on the rising edge,
node Y discharges.
The third inverter M7M8 is ON during the
high phase, and the
node value on Y is
passed to the output Q.
Positive Edge Triggered
Single-phase edge-triggered register
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On the +ve phase of the clock, X transitions
to a low if D transitions to a high level.
Input must be kept stable till the value on
node X before the rising edge of the clock
propagates to Y. This represents the hold
time of the register
hold time less than 1 inverter delay since it
takes 1 delay for the input to affect X.
The propagation delay of the register is 3
inverters since the value on node X must
propagate to the output Q.
Finally, the set-up time is the time for node X
to be valid, which is 1 inverter delay.
TSPC Edge-Triggered Register
Transistor Sizing
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D is low & X=Q~=1; Q=0.
CLK is low, Y is precharged
high turning on M7.
CLK transitions from low to
high, Y and Q~ start discharging simultaneously
(through M4-M5 & M7-M8,
respectively).
Once Y is sufficiently low, the
trend on Q~ is reversed and
the node is pulled high anew
through M9.
Effects of Glitch and Solution
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fatal errors, as it may create
unwanted events
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when the output of the latch is used as
a clock signal input to another
register). It
reduces the contamination delay of
the register.
The problem can be corrected by
resizing the relative strengths of the
pull-down paths through M4-M5 and
M7-M8, so that Y discharges much
faster than Q.
This is accomplished by reducing the
strength of the M7-M8 pulldown
path, and by speeding up the M4 M5 pulldown path.
TSPC Edge-Triggered Register
Transistor Sizing