Transcript The Economic History of Portugal

Histoire Economique A
Professeur Jean-Christian Lambelet
Assistante Ana Cristina Molina
The Economic History of Portugal
Gustav Dax
Lisa Pachinger
Sebastian Trischak
History
Navigation
Shipbuilding
Impacts
Conclusion
Historical Overview
• Economic and Social conditions
 Portuguese forced to turn to the sea
 Portugal’s slave trading
• Creation of Portugal
 Muslims
 Reconquista
 Interests of church and state closely linked
• Independence from Castile
 Battle of Aljubarotta
 Treaty of Windsor
 King João I
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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History
Navigation
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Impacts
Conclusion
Historical Overview
• Political factors in the Rise of Portugal
 King João I – a new dynasty
 Political and social unity
• Henry the Navigator
 Promoting and financing overseas explorations
 Reconquista - carried on to their homeland
 Economic motives - gold and spices
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
29 Avril 2003
History
Navigation
Shipbuilding
Impacts
Conclusion
Historical Overview
• Beginning of Portugal’s maritime expansion
 Ceuta’s acquisition
 Ceuta’s market
 Straits of Gibraltar
• First Atlantic Islands
 Madeira in 1425
 Azores in 1427
 Industry - cane plantations and sugar mills
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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History
Navigation
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Impacts
Conclusion
Medieval Navigation
• Navigation tools
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Cartography
Compass
Astrolabe
Speed of a ship
Sand hourglass
• Navigation problems
– Astrolabe
– Measuring longitude
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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History
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Cartography
• Claudius Ptolemaeus: "Geographica"
• Maps of faith
• Invention of the printing press
• Portolans
• 1506: Longitude
• Gerhard Mercator: isogonic cylindrical projection
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Compass
• 1st century: Chinese
• 1269: Experiments
• 1500: Commonplace tool
• Variation: true vs. magnetic north
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History
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Astrolabe
• Arrived in Spain between 1000 and 1500
• Basic astronomical tool
• 1473: determine latitude accurately
• Height of the North Star
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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History
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Conclusion
Quadrant
• Common instrument in latitude determination process
• ¼ circle
• 0-90° marked on edge
• Plumb line
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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History
Navigation
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Conclusion
Speed of a ship
• Log
• Logline
• Expression: Knots
• Speed between 4 and 8 knots per day
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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History
Navigation
Shipbuilding
Impacts
Conclusion
Sand hourglass
• Only reliable time
• Measurement on board a vessel
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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History
Navigation
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Impacts
Conclusion
Navigation Problems: Astrolabe
• Farther north: higher North Star in sky
• Farther south: lower North Star in sky
• North Star disappeared at the equator
• Measurement of mid-day sun
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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History
Navigation
Shipbuilding
Impacts
Conclusion
Navigation Problems: Measuring Longitude
• Dead-reckoning: log, sand glass, compass
• Traverse board: zigzag plotting
• Longitude: east-west distance travelled
• Maps inaccurate in the 16th century
• E.g.: East-west length of the Mediterranean erred by 19° = 1,100 miles!
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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History
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Reasons for the Development of Seapower
• Geographic position
• Physical conformation
• Extent of territory
• Number of population
• Character of the people
• Character of the government
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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History
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Conclusion
Different Ship Types during 14th-16th Century
• Portuguese ships:
– Barinel
– Caravel
– Carrack
• Chinese ships:
– Junk
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Junk
• junk → junco → djong → ship
• high sterned, flat-bottomed
• axled rudder
• up to five masts with square mounted sails
• sails consisting of panels of linen or matting flattened by bamboo strips
• up to 13 watertight compartments
• maximum capacity: up to 1,500 tons
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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Caravel
• about 30 meters long
• maximum capacity: 130 tons
• axled rudder
• early versions: 2-3 masts, lateen rigged sails, clinker style hull
• later versions: 4 masts, square rigged sails, streamlined hull
• examples: Nina and Pinta
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History
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Carrack
• mizzen mast with triangular lateen sail placed toward stern of vessel
• small square-rigged mast placed to fore of main mast
• massive ribbed skeleton
• 2-3 decks, enclosed structures at bow and stern
• sternpost rudder
• maximum capacity: 1,000 tons
• Example: Santa Maria
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Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
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History
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Shipbuilding technology
Portugal
China
• Ship size
x
• Capacity
x
• Compartmentation
x
• Masts and sails
x
• Rudders
x
• Wind and sea currents
x
• Celestial navigation
x
• Military technology
x
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x
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The Fall of Chinese Seapower
• Seven epic naval expeditions from 1405 to 1433
• One century later it was forbidden to go to sea with a multi-masted ship
• Reasons for this shift:
– Centralization
– Internal court policy
– Maritime threats considered secondary
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Portugal and West Africa
• Southward Expansion
 1434 – Caravels
 Cape Verde Islands in 1454-55
 Gambia region in 1446
 Sierra Leone in 1460
• 1470s Exploration
 Gold Coast
 Fernando Po, Principé, and Sâo Tomé
• Treaty of Alcaçovas
 West African ‘Guinea’ trade monopoly
 Fortress at São Jorge da Mina
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Portugal and Asia
• Vasco da Gama
 sailed around South Africa - Calicut
 Casa da India
 Antwerp – silver & copper
other; 7%
cinnamon; 2%
ginger; 6%
• Portuguese spice trade
• First European sea-battle in the Indian Ocean
pepper; 85%
 control over the Indian Ocean routs – spices
 1509 – Goa-Diu
• Strategic locations captured
 Goa – Malabar Coast & western Indian Ocean
 Malacca – access to East Indies
 Hormus – entrance to the Persian Gulf
HEC Lausanne
Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
29 Avril 2003
History
Navigation
Shipbuilding
Impacts
Conclusion
Thank you for your attention!
HEC Lausanne
Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal
29 Avril 2003