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Gregorian Chant and its
Notations
– Locating the Chant
– Reading the Chant
– Transcripting the Chant
Locating the Chant
 The Calendar
– Temporale
– Sanctorale
 The Liturgy
– Office
– Mass
The
Calendar
 The
Temporale
 The
Sanctorale
The Liturgy: The Office
 Divine Office
 Ora et labora
– Matins, about 3 a.m.
 The sanctification
– Lauds, at daybreak
of the time
– Prime, at 6 a.m.
– Terce, at 9 a.m.
– Sext, at noon
– None, at 3 p.m.
– Vespers, at twilight
– Compline, before bedtime
The Liturgy: The Mass
Proper chants
(7th-8th c.)
1. Introitus
Ordinary chants
(9th c.)
2. Kyrie
3. Gloria
6. Graduale
7. Alleluia
Prayers and readings (4th c.)
I. liturgy of the Word
4. Collect
5. Epistle
8. Gospel
9. Credo
II. liturgy of the Eucharist
1. Offertorium
3. Sanctus/
Benedictus
2. Preface
4. Eucharistic prayer
5. Pater noster
6. Agnus Dei
7. Communio
9. Ite missa est/
benedicamus
8. Post-communion
The Liturgy: The Mass
 Proper chants
– Introitus
 Ordinary chants
– Kyrie
– Gloria
– Graduale
– Alleluia
– Credo
– Offertorium
– Sanctus-Benedictus
– Agnus Dei
– Communio
Reading the Chant
 The Books
– Graduale (Mass Chant)
– Antiphonale (Office Chant)
 Modern Tools
– AMS
– CAO
 Modern Books
The Books & Modern Tools
 The Mass
– Graduale
– Antiphonale
Missarum Sextuplex
• René-Jean Hesbert's
incipit edition of 6
early sources of mass
chants (1935)
– Cantus-Planus
(1990s)
 The Office
– Antiphonale
– Corpus
Antiphonalium Officii
• Hesbert's full text
edition of 12 early
sources of office
chants (1963-75)
– CANTUS (1980s–)
– CAO-ECE (1988–)
Modern Books
 Paléographie musicale
Facsimile series
 Graduale Romanum
(Solesmes 1908)
– Graduale Triplex (1979)
– Beiträge zur Gregorianik
since 21 (1996)
(Solesmes 1889-)
 Antiphonale Monasticum
(Solesmes 1934)
– Psalterium monasticum
(1981)
– Liber hymnarius cum
invitatoriis & aliquibus
responsoriis (1982)
 Liber usualis (Solesmes 1896-)
St. Peter in Solesmes: A Benedictine abbey, it was the
centre of the revival of Gregorian chant in the 19th and
20th centuries. A priory existed at Solesmes from 1010 to
1791; in 1833 Dom Prosper Gueranger (1805–75) revived
Benedictine life there (cf. Peter Wagner, BGr)
Private Collection (MS du MontRenaud). Gradual and antiphoner
from northern France. Text probably
written in mid-10th century, neumes
added late 10th or early 11th century
(PalMus 16 [1955]).
Graduale
Triplex
(1979)
Transcription
 Neumes Notation
– in campo aperto
– adiastematic
– non metrical
St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, 359.
Cantatorium from St Gallen;
dated very early 10th century
(before 920). Neumatic notation
with significative letters.
Cantatorium contains only the
soloists’ chants: graduals,
alleluias and tracts (PalMus 2nd
ser., 2 [1924]).
 The Notation
– adiastematic
– diastematic
• gothic
• roman/modern
since 13th C.
 The Words
– Carmina scripturarum (1907)
– On-line Bibles
Excursus: Chant Repertories
The legend of Pope
Gregory the Great
depicted in the
Hartker Antiphoner
St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek,
390–91 (“Hartker
Antiphoner”). Antiphoner
and tonary copied by
Hartker, monk of St Gallen;
dated 980–1011. Neumes
with significative letters.
Centres of
Scholar
cantorum
and
Scriptorium
 Western Chant
Repertories
– Mozarabic
(Old Spanish)
– Gallican
– Gregorian
(Frankish-Roman)
• West-Frankish
• East-Frankish
– Old Roman
(Urban-Roman)
– Ambrosian
(Milanese)
– Beneventan
– Ravenna
– Aquileia
 Eastern Chant
Repertories
– Byzantine
– Syrian
– Coptic
(Ancient Egyptian)
– Georgian
– Armenian
– Ethiopian
– Russian/Slavonic
Basic Literature
– Crocker, Richard L. An Introduction to Gregorian Chant. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
– Crocker, Richard L., and David Hiley. The Early Middle Ages
to 1300. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
– Harper, John. The Forms and Orders of Western Liturgy from
the 10th to the 18th Century. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991.
– Hiley, David. Western Plainchant : A Handbook. Oxford:
Clarendon, 1993.
– Hughes, Andrew. Medieval Manuscripts for Mass and Office :
A Guide to Their Organization and Terminology. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 1982.
– Treitler, Leo. With Voice and Pen : Coming to Know Medieval
Song and How It Was Made. New York: Oxford University
Press, 2003