Transcript U.S. Cultural History

U.S. Cultural History
Baby Boom
Counterculture
Radicals
Revolution
Civil Rights
Activism
Culture of the
60’s
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You did not have to lock your doors at night. You really didn't. Parents did not
worry about their kids playing outside after sunset. But there were curfews;
reasonable ones. And no kid was out after midnight on a school night.
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There were no metal detectors at the airports... or the schools. There were no
warning labels on our records, no ratings necessary on the movies. And TV
shows were fit for the whole family.
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When you fell down at the store, you apologized for being careless, and went
home... embarrassed. If you got hurt, you went to your doctor, and you paid the
bill yourself. Sometimes, the doctor would even come to your house.
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When you really messed up at school, you got sent to the principal's office. And
then you paid the price... once then, and again when you got home. Your
parent's word was the final word.
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We knew what "shame" was back then.
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We knew what a family was back then; we knew what "responsibility" was back
then; and we knew the definition of the word "is.”
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Most families had one or two television sets, one or two telephones, and one or
two cars. Few kids got a car when they turned 16.
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Most homes, even those in the south, did not have air conditioning;
neither did most cars. In the summer, people opened their windows at
home and used large fans; they sat and entertained on screened-in
porches; they drove with the windows open. We used less than half the
amount of energy (per person) than we do today.
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About 40-60% of adults smoked. And they smoked everywhere... in
restaurants, airplanes, movie theatres, offices, elevators, buses...
everywhere. TV newscasters smoked on the air, Johnny Carson and his
guests smoked on television. Cigarettes were advertised everywhere... TV,
radio, magazines, ball parks, airports.... everywhere. Until the mid-60s, the
manufacturers of cigarettes even suggested that their products might be
good for your health
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Our air, rivers, and open spaces were far more polluted. Some people
threw trash out the windows of their cars or dropped it on the ground. But
there were no plastic bags. Taking out the trash was an ugly chore.
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There were virtually no drive-by shootings or guns in schools. You knew
your neighbors and respected them. The language on television was much
more tame.
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There was not a fast food restaurant on every street corner. The menu at
McDonald's consisted about about six items. There was no fast food
breakfast. There were 30 brands of cereal at the grocery store, not 300.
There were no microwave ovens. Hamburgers, fries and hot dogs were
king. As a foreign dish, a lot of people ate ravioli - Chef Boyardee Ravioli.
Milk was good for you. Coke and Pepsi were a treat. There were no diet
sodas. Soft drinks came in 6-ounce, glass bottles that you had to return to
the store. A quarter-pound burger was huge - and rare. There were no
super-size fries or big-gulp soft drinks.
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A favorite candy bar was the Clark Bar. But Baby Ruth, Milky Way,
Snickers, Three Musketeers and PayDay were also popular. So was the
standard Hershey Bar - plain or with nuts. "Sometimes you feel like a nut"
- Peter Paul Almond Joy and Peter Paul Mounds candy bars. As with most
foods, the candy bars were much smaller; but they cost a nickel back then.
At the movies we had popcorn, Cokes and Milk Duds. We chewed a lot of
gum back then - bubble gum, too; big wads of bubble gum.
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Long before there was Tang, there were Fizzies. They were tablets about
an inch in diameter. You dropped one in a glass of water, and it fizzed (or
bubbled) for about a minute as it dissolved in the water. Fizzies came in
several flavors. They were cool! Kool-Aid was cool, too.
• Nation elected its youngest president, John Fitzgerald
Kennedy• Full of charm, intelligence, and energy, he inspired the
nation.
• first televised presidential debates in 1960
• President Kennedy was killed. Americans across the
country watched the assassination, and the later murder of
the accused assassin, on television. In addition to causing
many to take a closer, more critical look at their culture and
values; the event solidified television's central role in
American society. The immediacy of the exposure brought
the country together in a state of national mourning.
Kennedy’s New Frontier
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Chapter 31 Sect. 4
Civil Rights- rights of all Americans to vote and have a
fair trial
– 1962- desegregation of federal funded public housing
projects
– Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity.
– Robert Kennedy as Attorney General- help southern blacks.
– Blacks appointed as judges and ambassadors
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Black Revolts- 1961-1963
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1961- Freedom Riders- desegregate Interstate busses.
1962- James Meredith and the University of Mississippi.
Television- struggle, violence, sit-ins, demonstrations.
1963- Sit-ins desegregate lunch counters, hotels and theaters.
1963- Martin Luther King and Birmingham, Alabama.- Bull
Connors, dogs, fire hoses, electric cattle prods, bombings.
– 1963- Kennedy call for new Civil Rights laws.
– 1963- Medgar Evers- NAACP in Mississippi assassinated.
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March on Washington- August 8, 1963- “ I have a Dream”
and “We shall overcome”.
Prices in the 60’s
Item
pack of
chew ing
gum
candy bar
ice cream
bar
Buster
Brow n
shoes
--- 1962 --1962
Price in
Price *** 2004
dollars
***
--- 1972 --1972
Price in
Price
2004
dollars
0.05
0.28
0.05
0.28
0.25
1.05
0.15
0.85
0.25
1.05
3
16.8
2004
2004
Notes
Price ***
5 sticks
per pack
0.5 in 1962
m uch
larger
serving
0.6 today
0.85
20
Prices in the 60’s
--- 1962 --tennis
shoes
5
--- 1972 ---
2004
28
40
m ovie
ticket
0.5
2.85
popcorn at
the m ovie
0.2
1.12
soft drink
0.1
0.57
0.75
fast food
ham burge
r
0.2
1.14
1.75
8
0.75
3.15
3
m uch
lousier
m ovies
today
m uch
larger
serving
today
m uch
larger
serving
today
m uch
larger
serving
today
Prices in the 60’s
--- 1962 --45 rpm
(single)
record
m usic
album
gallon of
gas
1st class
postage
pay phone
- local call
--- 1972 ---
1
5.6
3
16.8
0.31
1.77
2004
m uch
better
m usic
6 then
m uch
better
m usic
16 then
0.36
1.51
0.04
0.23
0.18
0.75
0.1
0.57
0.1
0.42
1.5
1st class
now goes
0.37 via air m ail
Long
distance
rates are
m uch
cheaper
0.35 today.
LBJ’s Great Society
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Chapter 32 Sect. 2
“Great Society”- abundance and liberty for all; end to poverty
and racial injustice; every child can find knowledge; renew
contact with nature; a challenge constantly renewed
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War on Poverty: forty programs that were intended to eliminate poverty by
improving living conditions and enabling people to lift themselves out of the cycle
of poverty.
Education: sixty separate bills that provided for new and better-equipped
classrooms, minority scholarships, and low-interest student loans. Elementary
and Secondary Education Act
Medicare & Medicaid: guaranteed health care to every American over sixty-five.
The Environment: introduced measures to reclaim our heritage of clean air and
water. Water Quality Act 1965
National Endowment for the Arts and the Humanities: created with the
philosophy that artists, performers, and writers were a priceless part of our
heritage and deserve support.
Job Corps: provided enabling skills for young men and women.
Head Start: program for four- and five-year-old children from disadvantaged
families that gave them a chance to start school on an even basis with other
youngsters.
Appalachian Regional Development Act
Housing and Urban Development Act 1965
Immigration Act of 1965
Tax surcharge
Consumer Protection and Environment- Rachel Carson and Ralph Nader.
Television
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1960, Americans owned 85 million television sets
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CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite- news of race riots in New York
City and Los Angeles, and of the beginnings of troop escalation in
Vietnam.
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Among entertainment programs, westerns, detective and police shows,
family sitcoms, medical shows, game shows, and variety shows were the
most prevalent and popular genres. The Flintstones , Rocky and his Friends, Alvin & the
Chipmunks , the Jetsons , and Mr..... Magoo. The Andy Griffith Show , Beverly Hillbillies,Bewitched, The
Addams Family, My Favorite Martian , I Dream of Jeannie, Star Trek, the Outer Limits , and the Twilight
Zone.
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There were only three television networks. There were no VCRs and, of
course, no Internet. Accordingly, there were far fewer programs on
television. But as a result, most of us watched the same programs. That
tended to bring us together, whereas today's targeted programming tends
to separate us.
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Television also brought the Beatles into American homes. On February 9,
1964 the group appeared on the "Ed Sullivan Show," beginning the British
Books
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Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five.
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Other books focussed on bringing about change in the present. Rachel
Carson's Silent Spring (1962), Michael Harrington's The Other America
(1962), and Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique (1963) brought about
revolutions in the way people thought about social issues like
environmental pollution, poverty and gender stereotypes.
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The anti-war movement of the later sixties was anticipated by Joseph
Heller's Catch-22 (1961). John Le Carré debuted his gritty, realistic view of
espionage in The Spy Who Came In From the Cold (1963). His novels were
in direct contrast to the glamorous James Bond, created by Ian Fleming,
whose novels President Kennedy professed to enjoy.- Dr. No, From
Russia With Love, and Goldfinger
Movies
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On the Beach (1960), West Side Story (1962), and To Kill a Mockingbird (1962). In
1963, Sidney Poitier won the Academy Award for his role in Lilies of the Field.
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Butterfield 8 (1960), The Apartment (1960), Come September (1961), Lolita (1962), Irma
La Douce (1963), and Gypsy (1963). Epics like Ben Hur (1960) and Judgment at
Nuremberg (1961) and classic movies like Psycho (1960) and Breakfast at Tiffany's
(1961) were released, as well as the first of the James Bond movies, Dr. No (1962).
Disney scored several commercial triumphs, including four hits in 1961: The Parent
Trap, The Absent-Minded Professor, Swiss Family Robinson, and 101 Dalmatians.
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The Pawnbroker (1965) and Easy Rider (1969). Violence and horror were depicted
more graphically than ever before, in such movies as Rosemary's Baby (1968) and
The Wild Angels (1966). Heroes became passé, and anti-heroes became protagonists.
Bonnie and Clyde (1967)
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Westerns was replaced by more sardonic Italian-made Westerns, called "Spaghetti
Westerns," such as The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly (1968). Beach movies like Beach
Party (1963) were replaced by more rebellious biker movies like The Wild Angels
(1966). Sex and relationships were explored in movies like The Graduate (1968) and
Bob and Carol and Ted and Alice (1969). Issues of race and ethnicity appeared in
movies like Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1968) and Goodbye, Columbus (1969).
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Some filmmakers brooded on the unpleasant side of life, such as Who's Afraid of
Virginia Woolf (1966) and Midnight Cowboy (1969). Others pondered the future of
humankind in movies like 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and Planet of the Apes
(1968). Barbarella (1968) and The Producers (1968).
Sports
Clemente
Mantle and
Dimaggio
Maris
Rudolph
Super Bowl #1
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In sports, the New York Yankees won the World Series two years in a row,
in 1961 and 1962.
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The Summer Olympic Games of 1960 took place in Rome, Italy, and the
Winter Games took place in Squaw Valley, California.
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Roger Maris hit homer number 61, setting a record that wasn't broken until
the September of 1998 by Mark McGwire.
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Wilma Rudolph, a black American woman, received three Olympic gold
medals in fast running. As a child, she was very ill with pneumonia and
scarlet fever. She barely lived, and doctors said she probably would never
be able to walk again. But she never gave up hope, and was not only able
to walk again, but able to outrun everyone else in the Olympics to be
rewarded with three gold medals.
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In 1962, Jackie Robinson, the first black American to play in major league
baseball, was placed in the Baseball Hall of Fame for his talent.
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The first Super Bowl was played in 1967, with the Green Bay Packers and
the Kansas City Chiefs; the Packers won.
Science and Technology
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The big-three auto manufacturers (Ford, GM and Chrysler) owned the car market
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In science and technology–
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pacemakers and lasers
1st birth control pill, Enovid, in 1960.
computer silicon chips were patented.
tranquilizer valium was developed
quasars, the most distant objects in the universe, were identified in 1963.
Research in ecology grew in response to reports of the environmental impact of pollution.
NASA scientists were hard at work trying to beat the Soviets in putting a man on the moon.
Fear of nuclear war came to a head with the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.
IBM introduced the System/360 family of compatible computers
improved strain of rice, which ushered in the Green Revolution in developing countries.
Surgeon General reported a link between smoking and lung cancer in 1964
soft contact lenses were developed in 1965.
Supertankers were introduced to transport oil.
The most famous technological event, however, was Apollo 11's moon landing on July 20,
1969, which was televised live to American homes.
Recordings were improved by the development of a Dolby device to filter out background
noise.
In 1968, American cars were required to have anti-pollution devices to control emissions
because of the newly understood dangers of automobile hydrocarbon emissions.
Fads
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Twist and surfing, the Watusi replaced the twist. The Mashed Potato, the Swim, , the Monkey and
the Jerk followed the Twist
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Limbo and Pop Art à la Andy Warhol. Op art, with its thumb-nosing attitude toward established
artistic norms of subject and style, became popular.
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Barbie dolls and Troll dolls were the last word in toy chic.
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For women, the miniskirt and Jackie Kennedy made pillbox hats and wraparound sunglasses
important accessories. The "face of 1966" was Twiggy, the skinny Cockney model who popularized
a unisex, nouveaux flapper look for women. Many women wore pierced ears, white boots and white
stockings, with the more racy donning microminiskirts
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Discotheques became popular.
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Men wore longer hair, women wore pants
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The hippie lifestyle was embraced by growing numbers in the Haight-Ashbury district of San
Francisco.
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"afro" hairdos and traditional West African garb.
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Beach movies grew in popularity, "dry surfing," or skateboarding, became a frequent pastime of
young people.
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1968-Big Macs and quartz watches were first marketed.
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Cashmere turtlenecks, especially when worn under Nehru jackets, became chic. The mod look of
Dutch-boy caps, flamboyant wide ties, silk shirts, and bell-bottomed trousers was the style for
men.. Teens wore granny glasses, while the children sported cartoon character watches.
Popular Music
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Chubby Checker's :The Twist" (1962), Frankie Valli and the Four Season's
"Walk Like a Man" (196?), and the Beach Boys' "Surfin' U.S.A." (1963) were
among the top songs. Girl groups began releasing hits, such as the
Shirelles' "Will you still love me tomorrow" (196?).
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Sam Cooke and Aretha Franklin followed the lead of Ray Charles in
creating the genre of Soul music
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Bob Dylan's and folk singers like Joan Baez and Peter, Paul, and Mary.
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Competing with the Beatles for the top song slots were the elegant
Supremes.
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In 1967, British and American musicians entered a new psychedelic sonic
landscape with albums like Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (The
Beatles), Are You Experienced? (Jimi Hendrix), Surrealistic Pillow
(Jefferson Airplane), The Doors (Jim Morrison and The Doors), many of
these musicians and their fans used mind-altering drugs to produce or
enhance these effects. Whereas marijuana had been the most common
drug among folk, R&B, and rock musicians, LSD became popular among
those of the acid rock, heavy metal, and psychedelic crowd.
Civil Rights
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The black movement began peacefully, with Martin Luther King and
Stokely Carmichael leading sit-ins and peaceful protests, joined by
whites and Jews.
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Malcolm X preached black superiority
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Black Panthers were advocating black separatism, violence and antiSemitism.
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The term "blacks" became socially acceptable, replacing "Negroes."
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The number of Hispanic Americans tripled during the decade and
became recognized as an oppressed minority. Cesar Chavez
organized Hispanics in the United Farm Workers Association.
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American Indians, facing unemployment rates of 50% and a life
expectancy only two-thirds that of whites, began to assert
themselves in the courts and in violent protests.
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The Presidential Commission of the Status of Women (1963)
presented disturbing facts about women's place in our society. Betty
Friedan, Pauli Murray and Gloria Steinem, (National Organization of
Women) questioned the unequal treatment of women, gave birth to
Women's Lib, .
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was amended to include gender. The
birth control pill became widely available and abortion for cause was
legalized in Colorado in 1967. In 1967, both abortion and artificial
insemination became legal in some states..
Black Revolt and Youth Rebellion
• Summer Freedom Project- CORE -1964 to get
blacks registered to vote in Mississippi. Three civil rights
workers killed, homes and churches bombed and burned.
• Civil Rights Act of 1964- integration of public
places.
• 1964- Martin Luther King Jr. gets Nobel
Peace Prize.
• Selma Freedom March- 1964 march from Selma to
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Montgomery Alabama for freedom from the oppression.
Gov. Wallace tried to stop it, but government troops
protected the third march attempt and it was successful.
Malcolm X- Nation of Islam and assassinated.
Stokely Carmichael- “Black Power”
Riots- 1967- in major cities.
• Youth Rebellion- Baby Boom and prosperity.
Hippies and the counterculture. New Left- SNCC, SDS,
Weathermen, Campus protest, and Anti-Vietnam.
Racism
• Integration- Even after 1954 schools still segregated- private
schools, movement of whites to all white neighborhoods; large all
Black neighborhoods; New schools and district lines; Court
orders integration
• Forced Busing- is the concept of achieving racial or
economic integration in schools by transportation of
schoolchildren by bus to schools outside their neighborhoods.
Court ordered to provide a racial balance. Violence. Created new
problem- long bus rides, parent and teacher communication
suffered.
• Affirmative Action- Affirmative Action levels the playing
field so people of color and all women have the chance to compete
in education and in business. Despite the enormous gains made by
the civil rights and women's rights movements, women and people
of color still face unfair obstacles in business and education.
• Reverse Discrimination-
“Bakke Case- 1978” .
Discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group,
especially when resulting from policies established to correct
discrimination against members of a minority or disadvantaged
group.
Woodstock 1969
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No where was counterculture so
celebrated as at the mass music
festivals of the late sixties,
culminating in the Woodstock festival
in 1969. A ticket for one day cost $6$8; a 3-day ticket: $18-24.
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Three days of Peace and Music."
August 15, 16, and 17, 1969.
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450,000 kids
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100 miles from New York City
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In a matter of minutes, the festival
became a free event
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People parked their cars as far as 20
miles away. Once you arrived, you had
to stay; there was nowhere to go.
There was no place to sleep, no place
to bathe, no place to eat... no place to
nothin'.
Woodstock 1969
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Woodstock hoped to draw a crowd of
150,000 for a celebration of a communal
spirit and to hear some of the most popular
rock acts of the day.
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The festival started on Friday, August 15,
1969, and the crowds quickly grew to
number over 450,000, causing massive traffic
jams, logistical nightmares, shortages of
food and medical supplies, and potential
problems of crowd control.
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On Saturday, the gates were opened to
accommodate the many thousands who
arrived without tickets. The music was
almost nonstop, the rains came, drug use
was widespread, sanitary conditions were
primitive, bad acid trips were a constant
problem, yet somehow it all worked out.
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Richie Havens; Country Joe McDonald; Jimi
Hendrix; John Sebastian; Crosby, Stills,
Nash & Young; Melanie; Arlo Guthrie; CCR,
Janis Joplin; Jefferson Airplane; and the
Grateful Dead.
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A few months later, a similar gathering was
held at a racetrack in Altamont, California,
and turned ugly when members of the Hell's
Angels attacked and killed a man near the
Rebellion and the
Counterculture
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Problems- escalating war in Vietnam, the incomplete success of the Great Society
and the civil rights movement.
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The pursuit of sex, drugs, and rock and roll became the preoccupation- “Tune in, turn
on and drop out”. Communes arose.
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The counter-culture lifestyle stressed:*freedom,*peace,*love & tolerance,*getting back
to nature,*the power of the group. “You're either on the bus or off the bus.” “Do your
own thing”, “ Tell it like it is”, and experimentation with drugs and more extensive
sexual activity. “Better living through chemistry.”
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San Francisco was a major hub. Young people across the country emulated aspects
of the hippie lifestyle.
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The hippie lifestyle appeared on television, in the movies, and on Broadway.
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Americans became fascinated with everything from East Asian clothing to Hindu
mysticism. Among the most eager consumers of mysticism were the residents of
Haight-Ashbury in San Francisco.
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The hippie counterculture came with a uniform: long hair, tie-dyed shirts, jeans,
protest buttons, long flowered skirts. Just as the hippie look was considerably more
relaxed than prevailing standards, hippie sexual mores were generally looser than
those of the general populace. Nevertheless, their actions made an impact on the
larger society, changing the role of sex in American society. “A hippie is someone
Rebellion and the
Counterculture
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The Supreme Court decided in 1962 that prayer in the public schools was
unconstitutional.
As the 1960's progressed, many young people turned from mainstream
Protestant religions to mystic eastern religions such as Transcendental
Meditation (Maharishi Mahesh Yogi) or Zen Buddhism.
Respect for authority declined among the youth, and crime rates soared to
nine times the rate of the 1950's.
Marijuana use soared. Respected figures such as Timothy Leary
encouraged the use of LSD as a mind-opening drug.
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A number dropped out into communal living
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One dictionary definition of a classic
commune is 'a relatively small, often rural, community whose members share common interests,
work and income and often own property collectively'. But the commune idea can take many forms:
Rebellion and the College
Campus- The New Left
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The New Left was made up largely of college
students.
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Students for a Democratic Society (SDS),
which was formed in Michigan in 1962. It
attacked social injustice and the values of the
so-called Affluent Society.
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The New Left grew in 1964 with the onset of the
free-speech movement at the University of
California at Berkeley, which was a protest
against restrictions on student involvement in
political demonstrations on campus.
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It also won followers by denouncing American
involvement in Vietnam and deploring the
failure of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society
programs to eradicate poverty.
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Best known of the demonstrations took place
at Columbia University in 1968, Harvard
University in 1969, and Kent State University in
1970, when the National Guard killed four
students after being called out to stop antiwar
protests.
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The New Left was also active in the
counterculture of the 1960s.
Rebellion and the Democratic
Convention of 1968
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Before the convention- King assassinated,
RFK assassinated, and countless anti-war
demonstrations.
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For the Democratic party, Chicago '68
doomed the candidacy of Hubert Humphrey
and set off shock waves of reform.
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For the Left (antiwar), Chicago '68 hastened
the demise of SDS and intensified the
revolutionary fervor that would spawn street
violence and bombings.
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Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman- leaders of
the Youth International Party (YIPPIES) came
to Chicago
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For the media, Chicago '68 created a deep
suspicion of the state and its minions.
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For Chicago, Chicago '68 weakened support
for the last of the big-city bosses and fanned
the flames of political reform.
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In the end 8 police charged and 8 civilians
charged (“Chicago 8”- later the “Chicago 7”
Rebellion and the Anti-War
Movement
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Quaker and Unitarian beliefs had long existed in
the United States.
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The escalating nuclear arms race of the late
1950s- goal was to reduce.
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Unwilling to settle for fewer nuclear weapons,
students desired a wholesale restructuring of
American society
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At first the SDS and New Left focused on
domestic reforms and supported Johnson and
fought for Civil Rights and student Rights.
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1965-Bombing of North Vietnam -Anti-War
demonstration. Teach-ins on campuses. March
on Washington.
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1967- Alternative service suggestion and draft
evaders.
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Tet Offensive escalated anti war sentiment
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1969-1973 most powerful- second march on
Washington and My Lai Massacre
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1970- Bombing of Cambodia, Kent State and the
Pentagon Papers.
Rebellion and the Weathermen
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The Weathermen, also known as the
Weather Underground Organization,
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"revolutionary organization of
communist men and women" splintered
from the Students for a Democratic
Society (SDS).
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Weathermen advocated the overthrow of
the government of the United States and
the system of capitalism; toward that
end, they carried out a campaign of
bombings, jailbreaks, and riots.
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In October 1969, the Weathermen
organized their first event, called the
"Days of Rage," in Chicago
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n 1970, the group issued a Declaration
of War against the United States
government, changing its name to the
"weather underground organization",
adopting fake identities, and pursuing
covert activities only. Broke Timothy
Leary out of Jail.
Vietnam
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Selective Service- The Draft
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lottery drawing - the first since 1942 - was
held on December 1, 1969, at Selective
Service
National
Headquarters
in
Washington, D.C. This event determined
the order of call for induction during
calendar year 1970, that is, for registrants
born between January 1, 1944, and
December 31, 1950. Reinstitution of the
lottery was a change from the "draft the
oldest man first" method, which had been
the determining method for deciding
order of call.
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There were 366 blue plastic capsules
containing birth dates placed in a large
glass container and drawn by hand to
assign order-of-call numbers to all men
within the 18-26 age range specified in
Selective Service law
RESULTS FROM LOTTERY FOR MEN FACING
THE DRAFT IN 1972
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The lottery drawing held August 5, 1971, determined the order in
which men born in 1952 were called to report for induction into the
military.
How to read this chart: This chart shows all the birth dates in a
given year and the lottery numbers assigned to those dates. Read
this chart like a multiplication table. At the top of the chart are the
months of the year. On the far left are the dates of the month. The
numbers in the center represent lottery numbers. For example: To
find the lottery number assigned to July 15, look down from "July"
till it matches up with the number "15" on the left side of the table.
The corresponding number in the middle is "088." This means that
all men born on July 15, 1952, were assigned the lottery number
88.
The highest lottery number called for this group was 95; all men
assigned that lottery number or any lower number, and who were
classified 1-A or 1-A-O (available for military service), were called
to report for possible induction.