Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek Unit 9 part 2: Unorthodox Futures

2013 edition Wilfred E. Major [email protected]

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This class

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AGE Unit 9 part 2: Unorthodox Futures

This unit adds the other principal voice in Greek, the

middle

. This part covers a quirk in the future of some Greek verbs.

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VOCABULARY

: For reasons unclear now, and obscure already in antiquity, some verbs that are regularly active in the present tense become deponent in the future tense . These verbs are said to have a “ deponent future .” These verbs retain active meaning in the future, even though the forms are middle. The challenge of conveying middle or passive meaning in the future of these verbs is complex, and a topic reserved for advanced study.

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Building a Greek verb

Following are two examples of verbs with a “ deponent future .” Recall that the verb εἰμί “be,” despite its irregularities in the present tense, has the stem ἐσ -. This verb is regular in the future tense, but it is deponent . The model verb λαμβάνω “take” is also deponent future tense . in the

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• • • ἔσ ομαι ἔσ ει

/

ῃ ἔσ εται • • • ἐσ όμεθα ἔσ εσθε ἔσ ονται ἔσ εσθαι The

Building a Greek Verb

Future Indicative and Infinitive Middle of εἰμί

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Building a Greek verb

Recall that adding a σ - to the stem marks a verb as in the future tense . So now the stem looks (and sounds) like this: – λαβ + σ = “ take ”  ληψ = “ take ” (in the future ) • ALL VERBS, regardless of what endings they use in the present tense, use ω verb endings in the future tense. Future tense = verb stem + σ + ω verb endings This is true in both the active and middle voices.

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• • • λήψ ομαι λήψ ει

/

ῃ λήψ εται • • • ληψ όμεθα λήψ εσθε λήψ ονται λήψ εσθαι The

Building a Greek Verb

Future Indicative and Infinitive Middle of λαμβάνω

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Vocabulary: Principal Parts

Greek verbs can morph into a variety of forms (you now know 28 different forms of a verb). You have already seen how vocabulary entries have two

principal parts

: • • 1 st person singular present indicative active/middle ( μι , ω or μαι ) 1 st person singular future indicative active/middle ( ω or μαι ) Following are the verbs from your vocabulary so far that have deponent futures . As it happens, most ω add a ν or σκ to mark the present tense have verbs that deponent futures .

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Future Deponent Vocabulary: Classical

ἀκούω , ἀκούσομαι hear ἁμαρτ  ἁμαρτάνω , ἁμαρτήσομαι miss, make a mistake βη –  βαίνω , βήσομαι walk, come, go συμβαίνω happen, agree, result βλέπω , βλέψομαι see, look γνω  γιγνώσκω , γνώσομαι know, learn, judge, think ἐσ –  εἰμί , ἔσομαι be πάρειμι , παρέσομαι be present

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Future Deponent Vocabulary: Classical

θαν  ἀποθνῄσκω , ἀποθανοῦμαι die λαβ –  λαμβάνω , λήψομαι take, grab; receive, get καταλαμβάνω seize, catch up to, arrest – ὑπολαμβάνω take up, reply, suppose μαθ  μανθάνω , μαθήσομαι learn πι  πίνω , πίομαι drink φεύγω , φεύξομαι flee, run away

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Future Deponent Vocabulary: NT

ἁμαρτ  ἁμαρτάνω , ἁμαρτήσομαι miss, make a mistake βη –  βαίνω , βήσομαι walk, come, go ἀναβαίνω walk up, go aboard, enter – καταβαίνω walk down, descend γνω •  γινώσκω , γνώσομαι know, learn, judge, think Notice the change of spelling ( γιγνώσκω  Classical to Koine.

γινώσκω ) from – ἀναγινώσκω read – ἐπιγινώσκω know, understand

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Future Deponent Vocabulary: NT

ἐσ  εἰμί , ἔσομαι be θαν  ἀποθνῄσκω , ἀποθανοῦμαι die λαβ –  λαμβάνω , λήψομαι take, grab; receive, get παραλαμβάνω take, receive, accept πι  πίνω , πίομαι drink

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Future Deponent Vocabulary: Core

ἁμαρτάνω , ἁμαρτήσομαι miss, make a mistake ἀποθνῄσκω , ἀποθανοῦμαι die βαίνω , βήσομαι walk, come, go γί ( γ ) νώσκω , γνώσομαι know, learn, judge, think εἰμί , ἔσομαι be λαμβάνω , λήψομαι take, grab; receive, get πίνω , πίομαι drink

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VOCABULARY

: The verbs on the following slides all have futures, mostly deponent, with variations or stem changes that are unpredictable or more complex than the patterns presented so far. These are all very common and important verbs, however, and recognizing these unusual principal parts is essential to reading Greek.

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Unorthodox Futures Vocabulary: Classical

ἔρχομαι , ἐλεύσομαι come, go ἔχω , • ἕξω and σχήσω παρέχω provide have, hold, be ὁράω , ὄψομαι see πάσχω , πείσομαι suffer, experience πίπτω , πεσοῦμαι fall

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Unorthodox Futures Vocabulary: Classical

πλέω , πλεύσομαι and πλευσοῦμαι sail πυνθάνομαι , πεύσομαι learn, hear, inquire τίκτω , τέξομαι give birth τυγχάνω , τεύξομαι happen, meet φέρω , οἴσω – carry, bring διαφέρω spread, differ – συμφέρω benefit, profit

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Unorthodox Futures Vocabulary: NT (New Testament)

ἔρχομαι , – ἐλεύσομαι come, go διέρχομαι come, go through – εἰσέρχομαι come, go into – ἐξέρχομαι come, go out of – προσέρχομαι come, go to ἐσθίω , φάγομαι eat ἔχω , ἕξω and σχήσω have, hold, be

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Unorthodox Futures Vocabulary: NT (New Testament)

ὁράω , ὄψομαι see πάσχω , πείσομαι suffer, experience πίπτω , πεσοῦμαι fall πλέω , πλεύσομαι and πλευσοῦμαι sail φέρω , οἴσω • carry, bring προσφέρω offer, present

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Unorthodox Futures Vocabulary: Core

ἔρχομαι , ἐλεύσομαι come, go ἔχω , • ἕξω and σχήσω παρέχω provide have, hold, be ὁράω , ὄψομαι see πάσχω , πείσομαι suffer, experience πίπτω , πεσοῦμαι fall πλέω , πλεύσομαι and πλευσοῦμαι sail φέρω , οἴσω carry, bring