Transcript Community Air Risk Evaluation (CARE) Program

Community Air Risk
Evaluation (CARE) Program
Philip Martien, Ph.D.
Senior Advanced Projects Advisor
Bay Area Air Quality Management District
CAPCOA Conference
Health Impacts of Air Pollution on Communities
September 19-20, 2007
BAAQMD Background
• Regional Air Pollution Control
Agency
• Programs to reduce regional
smog and particulate matter
(PM)
• Wood-smoke reduction
programs
• Climate protection program
• Community Air Risk Evaluation
(CARE) program
September 19-20, 2007
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CARE Program Objectives
• Evaluate regional and
community cancer and
non-cancer health risk
from ambient toxic air
contaminants (TAC)
• Focus health risk
mitigation measures on
locations with higher risk
levels and sensitive
populations
September 19-20, 2007
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From Emissions of Toxic Air
Contaminants to Health Effects
Chronicle/Kurt Rogers
Emissions
Concentrations
September 19-20, 2007
Exposure
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Health
Effects
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CARE Program:
A Three Phase Design
Spring ’04
September 19-20, 2007
Fall ’06
Summer ’08
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Fall ’09
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CARE Task Force
• 15 members represent government
agencies, businesses, health professionals,
and community groups
• Provide feedback to District staff on CARE
program
• Conduct expert review of work products
• Represent community perspective
September 19-20, 2007
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Phase I: Develop TAC
Emissions Estimates
• Preliminary TAC emission inventory
– Quantify emissions totals
– Map emissions within the Bay Area
• Evaluate and improve TAC inventory
– Several rounds of critical review
– Improvements to on-road diesel emissions
– Evaluation of emissions using observations
• Demographic & health data
• Target areas for grant funding
September 19-20, 2007
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Cancer Toxicity-Weighted
Emissions
By Pollutant
By Source Category
Chromium Formaldehyde Other
1%
(hexavalent)
3%
4%
Benzene
5%
Industrial Fuel
Consumption
1%
Locomotives
2%
Aircraft
2%
Construction
& Demolition
3%
1,3-Butadiene
6%
Recreational
Boats
1%
Other
6%
Construction
Equipment
34%
Farm
Equipment
Ships
4%
6%
Diesel
Particulates
81%
September 19-20, 2007
Industrial &
Commercial
Equipment
9%
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Onroad
Mobile
Sources
32%
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Chronic, Non-Cancer
Toxicity-Weighted Emissions
By Pollutant
Butyl
Cadmium cellosolve
1%
1%
Nickel
1%
Arsenic
2%
Acetaldehyde
3%
By Source Category
Residential Paved Road
Fuel
Dust
Solvent
Combustion
2%
Evaporation
2%
3%
Benzene
1%
Other
5%
Manganese
4%
Diesel
Particulates
14%
Formaldehyde
20%
September 19-20, 2007
Ships
1%
Other
9%
Onroad
Mobile
Sources
33%
Construction
& Demolition
3%
Acrolein
48%
Industrial &
Commercial
Equipment
4%
Recreational
Boats
4%
Lawn &
Garden
Construction
Equipment
& Mining
6%
Equipment
9%
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Aircraft
24%
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Acute Toxicity-Weighted
Emissions
By Source Category
By Pollutant
Arsenic
1.5%
Formaldehyde
4.0%
Benzene
0.2%
Nickel
0.1%
Recreational
Boats
6%
Other
0.2%
Lawn &
Garden
Equipment
9%
Other
7%
Aircraft
40%
Acrolein
94.0%
Onroad
Mobile
Sources
38%
September 19-20, 2007
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Comparison to Ambient
Measurements
• BAAQMD lab (15 sites) and CARB lab
(5 sites)
• Measurements made on a 1-in-12 day
schedule
• Data for 1999-2001 used
• Quarterly averaged annual averages
September 19-20, 2007
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Ambient VOC Toxic
Concentrations vs. Emissions:
Livermore site
ambient
Ambient
Concentrations
September 19-20, 2007
total
Totale3
Emissions
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Category
1,3-Butadiene
Benzene
Chloroform
Methylene Chloride
MTBE
Perchloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Toluene
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Percent Overlap Between Ambient
Concentrations and Emissions
VOCs, excluding three compounds frequently below detection limits
Bethel Island
ARB
Concord
Crockett
BAAQMD
Fort Cronkite
Fremont
Livermore
Napa
Oakland-Davie
Redwood City
Richmond - 7th St
San Francisco
San Jose
San Leandro
San Rafael
Santa Rosa
Vallejo
0
10
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30
40
50
60
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80
90
100
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Cancer Risk Comparison
• Comparing fractions of lifetime cancer risk
from various toxic compounds
• VOCs, chromium VI, diesel PM
– need to estimate diesel concentrations
– used elemental carbon measurements (IMPROVE
method) to estimate diesel PM
• ARB measurements used
– they include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and
chromium VI
– 1,3-butadiene better estimated
September 19-20, 2007
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Cancer Risk: Emissions vs.
Ambient: San Jose site
ambient
Ambient
Concentrations
total
e3
Total
Emissions
Category
1,3 Butadiene
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Methy lene Chloride
MTBE
Perchloroethy lene
Trichloroethy lene
Formaldehy de
A cetaldehy de
Diesel
Chrome VI
Other
September 19-20, 2007
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Comparison Summary
• Good agreement between emissions fractions
and ambient concentrations
• Good agreement between risk components
based on emissions vs. ambient concentrations
– Risk from diesel PM greatest, followed by benzene and 1,3butadiene
– Risk overlap from 79% to 92%
• Emissions inventory diesel risk greater than
ambient
• Might be a problem with the area source
inventory, perhaps construction equipment
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Emissions Spatial Distribution
Diesel Particulate Matter
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Acrolein
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Demographic & Health Data
Population under 18
September 19-20, 2007
Asthma Hospitalization Rates
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Phase I Findings – Risks from
Emitted Pollutants
• About 80% of the emissions weighted by
cancer risk are from diesel PM
• About 50% of the emissions weighted by
chronic non-cancer risk are from acrolein
• More than 90% of the acute non-cancer
risk is also from acrolein
• There are uncertainties associated with the
determination of risk
September 19-20, 2007
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Phase I Findings - Sources
• On-road and off-road diesel emissions–
including trucks, construction, shipping,
rail–are large sources of cancer risk
• Gasoline powered vehicles and aircraft are
large contributors to non-cancer risk
• The highest densities of diesel PM and
acrolein are in eastern S.F. and western
Alameda & Contra Costa counties
• These areas also have large numbers of
sensitive people
September 19-20, 2007
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Mitigation Approaches
• Target appropriate mitigation measures to areas
with high TAC emissions and sensitive
populations
– Focus grant and incentive funding for reducing mobilesource emissions in target areas
– Enhance information campaigns
– Form local partnerships on issues related to
development, housing, and transportation to reduce
risk
– Develop model ordinances
– Regulate emissions from stationary and indirect
sources
– Support & sponsor legislation
September 19-20, 2007
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Next Steps
Phase II: Modeling Concentrations
and Continued Mitigation
• Continue to improve emissions estimates
– Update to 2005
– Update speciation profiles where possible
• Local & regional modeling
– Participate in health risk assessments
• Enhanced measurements
• Additional mitigation measures
September 19-20, 2007
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West Oakland Health Risk
Assessment
• Local-scale modeling with CALPUFF (diesel PM)
• 100 km x 100 km receptor domain
• Three-part source domain
Water sources
Land sources
Part 1: Port of Oakland
Part 2: Union Pacific Rail Yard
Part 3: West Oakland
September 19-20, 2007
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Supplemental TAC
Measurements
• EPA local-scale air toxics ambient monitoring
grant
• Increase density of air quality measurements in
West Oakland via “saturation monitoring”
– Characterize local-scale pollutant concentrations
– Identify “hot spots”
– Characterize concentration gradients
• Time integrated and continuous monitoring
• Mobile monitoring
September 19-20, 2007
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Additional Mitigation Measures
• Propose new regulations and modify existing
regulations
– Green Ports Initiative
– Other stationary sources
• Focus grant and incentive funding in areas with
high emissions and/or sensitive populations
– Carl Moyer Grants
– Transportation Fund for Clean Air Grants
• Develop guidance for cities, counties, and other
public agencies to incorporate in general plans,
municipal codes, or other local plans/programs
September 19-20, 2007
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Acknowledgments
• Air District Staff: David Fairley, Cuong
Tran, Amir Fanai, Eric Stevenson
• Sonoma Technology Inc.: Steve Reid
• Desert Research Institute: Eric Fujita
• California Air Resources Board:
Dan Donohoue
September 19-20, 2007
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Contact Information
• http://www.baaqmd.gov/CARE
• Phil Martien: [email protected]
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