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Macromolecules
CP Biology
Carbon compounds: Macromolecules
-There are four main groups of macromolecules in living
things:
1.Carbohydrates
2.Lipids
3.Nucleic Acids
4.Proteins
-Macromolecules are made from many smaller molecules
in a process called polymerization
-Polymerization: Smaller units called monomers join
together to make polymers
1. Carbohydrates
-They are made of: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a
ratio of 1:2:1
-Carbohydrates are sugars (words ending in
“ose”)
-Living things use carbohydrates as their main
source of energy. Some organisms like plants
use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
Simple Sugars
(Monosaccharides & Disaccharides)
-The human body can only use sugar in the simplest form
(monosaccharides).
-examples: glucose (C6H12O6,), galactose (component of milk),
fructose
-Double sugars are called disaccharides.
-examples: -sucrose (C12H22O11) consists of glucose and
fructose.
-lactose consists of galactose and glucose
“-ose” and
“saccharide” mean
SUGAR
Complex Carbohydrates
-The large macromolecules made from monosaccharides are called
polysaccharides.
-Many plants store extra sugar as polysaccharides known as
starches.-Plants also make a polysaccharide called cellulose (gives
plants their strength and rigidity. Your paper is made of cellulose!)
-Many animals store extra sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen.
-When the level of glucose in blood runs low, the glycogen stored is
broken down into glucose which is released into the blood. Glycogen in
your muscles supplies the energy for muscle contraction (movement)
-One example of a starch is called
amylose, which is broken down by
the enzyme amylase (found in the
mouth) which breaks down amylose
into simpler sugars, glucose
and maltose
-Remember: sugar is stored in
starches (in plants) and glycogen
(in animals)
2. Lipids
-Are made from carbon and hydrogen.
-Are not soluble in water (insoluble)
-3 categories: fats, oils, waxes
-In living things, are used to store energy, but
are also important parts of biological
membranes and waterproof coverings.
Examples: steroids, hormones (chemical
messengers), fat, oil, soap
Lipids (glycerol +fatty acids)
-Lipids are polymers formed from two monomers: glycerol and
fatty acids
-Saturated: when each carbon atom in the fatty acid chain is
joined to another carbon atom by a single bond. Saturated
means the fatty acids contain the max possible number of
hydrogen atoms (butter, cheese, meat contain a lot of saturated
fat)
-Unsaturated: If there is at least one carbon-carbon double
bond (Olive oil, liquid)
-Polyunsaturated: A lipid whose fatty acids contain more than
one double bond (sesame oil, canola oil, peanut oil)
3. Nucleic Acids
-Are made of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and
phosphorus
-Nucleic acids are polymers made from monomers called
nucleotides.
-Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: A 5-carbon sugar, a
phosphate (-PO4) group and a nitrogenous base.
Nucleic Acids
-Some nucleotides, like adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are
important in capturing and transferring chemical energy.
-Individual nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds to form
a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid.
-In living things, nucleic acids store and transmit
hereditary or genetic information
-2 examples of nucleic acids: RNA (ribonucleic acid contains ribose) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid - contains
deoxyribose)
4. Protein
-Contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
-Proteins are polymers of monomers called amino acids.
-Amino acids are compounds with an amino group on one end (NH2)and a carboxyl group on the other end (-COOH)
-Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together
to form a polypeptide
-Multiple polypeptides join to form a protein
-In living things, proteins make up cellular structures. Some
control the rate of reactions (enzymes) and regulate cell
processes, while others transport substances or help fight
disease.
Protein Structure & Function
-20+ different amino acids exist in nature
-All amino acids are identical in the parts where they can
be joined together by covalent bonds
-This uniformity allows any amino acid to join any other
amino acid (The amino group bonds to a carboxyl group)
-Amino acids differ from each other in a side chain called
the R-group. R-groups can be basic, acidic, polar,
nonpolar…
-Proteins are the most diverse macromolecules!
Amino Acids
The shape of a protein is extremely important.
The function of a protein is based on it’s shape!
Enzymes speed up chemical processes in the
body.
An enzyme is a protein. What happens if the
enzyme is denatured (changes shape)?