Transcript Slide 1
1 Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. (six kingdoms) 2 Classification Classification is an important process in understanding how organisms are related and how they are different. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that studies the grouping and naming of organisms. 3 Aristotle His classification system was based on structural differences that were seen. 4 Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Swedish Botantist based his classification on characteristics of organisms that were similar. Developed the two word system used to identify species: binomial nomenclature. 5 Clip on next slide 6 Binomial nomenclature Because scientists speak many different languages and common names for organisms may vary from place to place, a universal system for naming organisms is used. The scientific name of an organism is based on a two-word system called binomial nomenclature. 7 Quercus alba: is the name for white oak (alba is Latin for “white”) Quercus rubra: is the name for the red oak (rubra is Latin for “red”) Micropterus salmoides is the name for a largemouth bass 8 Binomial nomenclature •The two words, genus and species, are always italicized (or underlined). •The first word in a scientific name, genus, is always capitalized and the second word, species, is never capitalized. •For example the scientific name of the largemouth bass would be Micropterus salmoides (or Micropterus salmoides). 9 In addition to (1) appearance and (2)behavior, (3) molecular structure (e.g., DNA) and(4) evolutionary relationships are also considered when classifying organisms. Organisms that share more similarities are more closely related and are grouped together. 10 Eight levels of classification Domain Least alike Most alike 11 GROUP NAME ORGANISM HUMAN CHIMPANZ EE HOUSE CAT LION HOUSEFLY KINGDOM Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordate Arthropoda CLASS Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Insect ORDER Primates Primates Carnivora Carnivora Diptera FAMILY Hominidae Pongidae Felidae Felidae Muscidae GENUS Homo Pan Felis Felis Musca SPECIES sapiens troglodytes domestica leo domestica Scientific Name Homo sapiens Pan troglodyt Felis domestica Felis leo Musca domestica 12 Example: Human Classification How would you write the scientific name? a. homo Sapiens b. Homo sapiens c. Homo Sapiens 13 CLASSIFICATION OF THE LARGEMOUTH BASS Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia (multicellular organisms that eat food) Phylum Chordata (animals with a backbone) Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Order Perciformes (perch-like fishes) Family Centrarchida (sunfishes) Genus Micropterus (types of bass) Species salmoides (largemouth bass) Largemouth Bass: Micropterus salmoides 14 15 KINGDOMS OF LIFE 16 Six Kingdoms of Life EuBacteria Plantae Protista Archaebacteria Fungi Animalia 17 Three Domains and Six Kingdoms: Three Domains: Bacteria- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic. Cell walls have peptidoglycan. Kingdoms: Eubacteria Archaea- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan. Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eukarya- Eukaryotic. Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia. 18 Bacteria •Eubacteria (true bacteria) and Archaebacteria contain prokaryotes, cells without membranebound organelles. •Microscopic & unicellular. •Archaebacteria are mainly found in extreme environments like the deep oceans, hot springs, and swamps. •Heterotropic and autotrophic Protista •unicellular and multicellular organisms with a variety of characteristics •eukaryotic organisms that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments. •Heterotropic and autotrophic Fungi •consumers that stay put. •unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in the environment. 19 Plantae Animalia Multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesize. Most have cellulose cell walls and tissues that have been organized into organs and organ systems. Autotrophicsome parasitic. Multicellular consumersheterotrophic Cells do not have cell walls. Their tissues have been organized into complex organ systems; the nervous system, muscle system and digestive system, as well as others. 20 6 Kingdoms of Life Kingdoms 21 Evolutionary relationship between the kingdoms. Clip 22 23 EOCT ALERT!!!! A multicellular organism that obtains its food by absorbing nutrients from the soil belongs to the kingdom A Animalia B Fungi C Plantae D Protista 24 The study of animals is known as A B C D botany ecology taxonomy zoology 25 In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucus, was proclaimed Georgia’s state butterfly. The tiger swallowtail shares the most characteristics with members of which taxonomic level? A class B family C order D phylum 26 One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to A obtain energy B reproduce C move D exchange gases