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Knowledge Issues The Good, the Bad and The Ugly Good KI An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. Couched in terms of relations between concepts from AoK, WoK and belief, certainty, culture, evidence, experience, explanation, interpretation, intuition, justification, truth, values. To what extent can human sciences use mathematical techniques to make accurate predictions? An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. How can we use models to predict crime waves? Poor KI A closed question, implicitly about Knowledge Will police crime predictions turn out to be correct? Not a KI A statement or a closed question, about a subject specific issue rather than about Knowledge per se OK KI How can we prevent crime? Good KI An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. Couched in terms of relations between concepts from AoK, WoK and belief, certainty, culture, evidence, experience, explanation, interpretation, intuition, justification, truth, values. OK KI An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. Should we believe paranormal claims? Poor KI A closed question, implicitly about Knowledge Does the paranormal exist? Not a KI A statement or a closed question, about a subject specific issue rather than about Knowledge per se The Sixth Sense ? Good KI An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. Couched in terms of relations between concepts from AoK, WoK and belief, certainty, culture, evidence, experience, explanation, interpretation, intuition, justification, truth, values. ? OK KI An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. ? Poor KI A closed question, implicitly about Knowledge Why is Utilitarianism appealing? Not a KI A statement or a closed question, about a subject specific issue rather than about Knowledge per se Utilitarianism Good KI An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. Couched in terms of relations between concepts from AoK, WoK and belief, certainty, culture, evidence, experience, explanation, interpretation, intuition, justification, truth, values. ? OK KI An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. ? Poor KI A closed question, implicitly about Knowledge Is swine flu likely to kill millions? Not a KI A statement or a closed question, about a subject specific issue rather than about Knowledge per se What do we mean by an‘epidemic’? Good KI An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. Couched in terms of relations between concepts from AoK, WoK and belief, certainty, culture, evidence, experience, explanation, interpretation, intuition, justification, truth, values.. ? OK KI An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. ? Poor KI A closed question, implicitly about Knowledge ? Not a KI A statement or a closed question, about a subject specific issue rather than about Knowledge per se The credit crisis Good KI An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. Couched in terms of relations between concepts from AoK, WoK and belief, certainty, culture, evidence, experience, explanation, interpretation, intuition, justification, truth, values. OK KI An open question, explicitly about Knowledge. Poor KI A closed question, implicitly about Knowledge Not a KI A statement or a closed question, about a subject specific issue rather than about Knowledge per se Your own ideas? Good Knowledge Issues are: • Open questions explicitly about Knowledge per se and not about subject-specific claims • Couched in terms of relations between concepts from AoK, WoK and belief, certainty, culture, evidence, experience, explanation, interpretation, intuition, justification, truth, values. Theory of Knowledge: Presentation Structure Real-Life Situation extraction Knowledge Issue (recognized) Theory of Knowledge: Presentation Structure Real-Life Situation extraction Knowledge Issue (recognized) progression Knowledge Issue(s) (developed) Theory of Knowledge: Presentation Structure Real-Life Situation extraction Knowledge Issue (recognized) progression Knowledge Issue(s) (developed) Theory of Knowledge: Presentation Structure Other Real-Life Situation Real-Life Situation Other Real-Life Situation extraction Knowledge Issue (recognized) progression Knowledge Issue(s) (developed) Example 1 Conspiracy Theories What are the strengths and weaknesses of this structure? Conspiracy Da Vinci Code Why do conspiracy theories exist? Conspiracy Da Vinci Code Why do conspiracy theories exist? People believe what’s most appealing Different Interpretations of the same facts Biases affecting conclusions drawn Conspiracy Da Vinci Code Why do conspiracy theories exist? Death of JFK Death of Benazir Bhutto People believe what’s most appealing Different Interpretations of the same facts Biases affecting conclusions drawn Example 2 Limits of Science What are the strengths and weaknesses of this structure? Limits of Science Documentary on the Large Hadron Collider How far is science limited in finding out the truth about reality? Limits of Science Documentary on the Large Hadron Collider Nature of scientific method How far is science limited in finding out the truth about reality? Definitions of science Definition of reality Limits of Science Documentary on the Large Hadron Collider Colour illusions Nature of scientific method Limits of human sensory perception How far is science limited in finding out the truth about reality? Definition of reality Situations not amenable to experimentation Problems of inductive reasoning Incompatibility between scientific and moral claims Definitions of science Astronomy Differences between ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions Role of technology in science Limits of Science Documentary on the Large Hadron Collider Colour illusions Nature of scientific method Limits of human sensory perception Situations not amenable to experimentation Problems of inductive reasoning Incompatibility between scientific and moral claims Definition of reality Astronomy Mathematics Axioms must be taken for granted How far is science limited in finding out the truth about reality? Definitions of science Gödel’s theorem Differences between ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions Role of technology in science History the past is beyond our grasp Human sciences Human behaviour is unpredictable Limits of Science Documentary on the Large Hadron Collider Medicine HIV treatment Colour illusions Nature of scientific method Limits of human sensory perception Situations not amenable to experimentation Problems of inductive reasoning Incompatibility between scientific and moral claims Definition of reality Astronomy Mathematics Axioms must be taken for granted How far is science limited in finding out the truth about reality? Definitions of science Gödel’s theorem Differences between ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions Role of technology in science History the past is beyond our grasp Human sciences Human behaviour is unpredictable Successes of science? Limits of Science Documentary on the Large Hadron Collider Medicine HIV treatment Colour illusions Nature of scientific method Limits of human sensory perception Situations not amenable to experimentation Problems of inductive reasoning Incompatibility between scientific and moral claims Definition of reality Astronomy Mathematics Axioms must be taken for granted How far is science limited in finding out the truth about reality? Definitions of science Gödel’s theorem Differences between ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions Role of technology in science History the past is beyond our grasp Human sciences Human behaviour is unpredictable Successes of science? Example 3 Claims in History What are the strengths and weaknesses of this structure? Claims in History President Ahmedinejad’s denial of the Jewish Holocaust Description of Holocaust Auschwitz Claims in History President Ahmedinejad’s denial of the Jewish Holocaust Under what circumstances can a historical claim be considered valid? Description of Holocaust Auschwitz Claims in History President Ahmedinejad’s denial of the Jewish Holocaust Description of Holocaust Auschwitz Importance of history Understanding the present Predicting the future Knowing identity Under what circumstances can a historical claim be considered certain? Explanation of the concept of validity in relation to historical evidence Other problems: gaps, language issues, past interpreted in terms of present, etc. Why should we care about historical truth? Role of bias and Interpretation in history: emotion, culture, etc. Is there a True history? Claims in History President Ahmedinejad’s denial of the Jewish Holocaust Description of Holocaust Auschwitz Wall Street crash Phlogiston “Witchhunt” of communists in USA Importance of history Understanding the present Predicting the future Knowing identity Under what circumstances can a historical claim be considered valid? Explanation of the concept of validity in relation to historical evidence Other problems: gaps, language issues, past interpreted in terms of present, etc. Why should we care about historical truth? Role of bias and Interpretation in history: emotion, culture, etc. Is there a True history? Claims in History President Ahmedinejad’s denial of the Jewish Holocaust Description of Holocaust Auschwitz Wall Street crash Phlogiston “Witchhunt” of communists in USA Importance of history Understanding the present Predicting the future Knowing identity Under what circumstances can a historical claim be considered valid? Other problems: gaps, language issues, past interpreted in terms of present, etc. Why should we care about historical truth? Validity of claims in Mathematics and Science… Validity of claims in Art… Is there a True history? Validity of claims in Ethics… Explanation of the concept of validity in relation to historical evidence Role of bias and Interpretation in history: emotion, culture, etc. Claims in History President Ahmedinejad’s denial of the Jewish Holocaust Description of Holocaust ??? Auschwitz Wall Street crash Phlogiston “Witchhunt” of communists in USA Importance of history Understanding the present Predicting the future Knowing identity Under what circumstances can a historical claim be considered valid? Other problems: gaps, language issues, past interpreted in terms of present, etc. Why should we care about historical truth? Validity of claims in Mathematics and Science… Validity of claims in Art… Is there a True history? Validity of claims in Ethics… Explanation of the concept of validity in relation to historical evidence Role of bias and Interpretation in history: emotion, culture, etc.