Transcript No Slide Title

Electrical and Computer Engineering
Jeff Frolik, Assistant Professor
DEC 2003
Outline
• Where are electrical devices used?
• Fields within Electrical Engineering
• Exciting future for Electrical Engineers
• Wireless Communications (in your lifetime)
DEC 2003
Where are Electrical Devices Used?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Home
Office
Medical
Military
Manufacturing
Power
DEC 2003
Home
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Television
VCR
Remote Control
Antenna
Clock Radio
Audio Compact Disk
Home Computer
•
•
•
•
•
Electric Stove
MP3 Player
Electric Water Heater
Microwave Oven
Video Games
DEC 2003
Work Place
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Desktop PC
Laptop PC
Copy/Fax Machine
Computer Network
Video Conferencing
Cellular Telephone
Supercomputers
DEC 2003
Medical
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ultrasonics
MRI Imaging
CAT scan
EKG
EEG
Digital Thermometers
DEC 2003
Military
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Radar
Guided Missile
Smart Bomb
Aerospace Electronics
Autopilot/UAV
Infrared Imaging
Digital Image Processing
Satellite
Global Positioning System
DEC 2003
Manufacturing
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Robotics
Inventory Control
Visual Inspection System
Electronic Instrumentation
Computer-controlled
Processes
Semiconductors
Electric Welding
Laser Cutting
Computer Integrated
Manufacturing
http://www.extremepumpkins.com/detsciencen.html
DEC 2003
Power Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
Power Generator
Motor
Transformer
Transmission Line
Distribution System
Alternative Energy Sources
DEC 2003
Where are Electrical Devices Used?
EVERYWHERE!
DEC 2003
Fields within Electrical Engineering
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aerospace Electronics
Antennas
Broadcast Technology
Circuits and Systems
Communications
Computers
Consumer Electronics
Control Systems
Education
• Electromagnetics
• Industrial Electronics
• Instrumentation
DEC 2003
More Fields within Electrical Engineering
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lasers
Magnetics
Microwave
Plasma Science
Power Electronics
Reliability
Robotics
•
•
•
•
Semiconductors
Signal Processing
Ultrasonics
Vehicular Technology
DEC 2003
Exciting Future for Electrical and Computer Engineers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
High Definition TV
Superconductors
Smart Weapons
Supercomputers
Electric Cars
Micromotors
Sensing Computers
Virtual Reality
Microelectromechanical
Systems (MEMS)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Video Phones
Lasers
Clean Power Sources
Smart Cars
Smart Robots
Computer Vision
DEC 2003
Wireless Communications During Your Lifetime
(So Far!)
DEC 2003
Wireless Communication Systems: WHY?
Camel’s Hump School survey:
1. Better what?
2. Better what?
3. Better what?
DEC 2003
Wireless Communication Systems: WHY?
Wired transmission media - wire/fiber
Wireless transmission media - air
• Quick installation of infrastructure 
• e.g., straight to mobile in developing countries
• User mobility 
• Shared access of channel (airwaves) 
DEC 2003
Today’s Talk
WLAN
DEC 2003
Your life (thus far)
Frequency Spectrum
How is the “air” shared?
Different applications use different frequency bands:
•
•
•
AM radio:
FM radio:
TV:
•
•
•
•
Cellular:
Cellular PCS:
Wi-Fi:
DBS Satellite:
530-1600 kHz
88-108 MHz
CH 2-13: 54-88 & 178-216 MHz
CH 14-83: 470-890 MHz
824-894 MHz
1.8-2.0 GHz
2.45-2.50 GHz, 5.725-5.875 GHz
12.2-12.7 GHz
Note: the higher you go in frequency, the more “room” you have
Spectrum Analyzer DEC 2003
Mobile Communications
Two-way Radio
1. Pro
2. Pro
Cell Phone
1. Pro
2. Pro
3. Con
4. Con
3. Con
4. Con
DEC 2003
1G Cellular Systems (1983)
“Advanced” Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
• Limited coverage: few cell towers
• Channelized analog system
What was wrong with it?
DEC 2003
1G Cellular Systems (1983)
“Advanced” Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
• Limited coverage: few cell towers
• Channelized analog system
What was wrong with it?
Hint: What is the biggest component in your cell phone?
DEC 2003
1G Cellular Systems (1983)
“Advanced” Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
• Limited coverage: few cell towers
• Channelized analog system
Question what was wrong with it?
Battery Killer
• Few sites – further distance to transmit
• Analog system – always sending a signal during call
DEC 2003
The Fix
Demand for service
• Increased coverage area
• Increase cell density
Advances in digital technology
• 2G systems (1993)
• Digital systems compress and send “data” as available
Result: more efficient use of batteries
• Less distance to send
• Less time sending
DEC 2003
What’s next?
3G systems
• Voice
• Internet
• Music
• Video
• Games
Images courtesy: Motorola
DEC 2003
What’s next?
3G systems
• Voice
• Internet
• Music
• Video
• Games
Problem?
Images courtesy: Motorola
DEC 2003
What’s next?
3G systems
• Voice
• Internet
• Music
• Video
• Games
Problem: more time on per
hour results in shorter battery
life
Images courtesy: Motorola
DEC 2003
Television Broadcasting
• Terrestrial Broadcast TV
• An analog system of limited range
• Each channel occupies 6 MHz
• Regular Cable: same technology, just over wire
• Need for an alternative?
• Cable not available everywhere
• Cable had a “monopoly”
• Analog system had a limited number of channel (82)
DEC 2003
Satellite Broadcast Television
Shaped pattern
HUB
22,400 miles
DEC 2003
Direct to Home Satellite TV (1986)
C-band (4 GHz)
• 6 foot dishes
Analog system
• 6 MHz channels
• Few channels per satellite
Image: Dave’s Web Shop
DEC 2003
Direct to Home Satellite TV (1986)
C-band (4 GHz)
• 6 foot dishes
Analog system
• 6 MHz channels
• Few channels per satellite
Problems?
Image: Dave’s Web Shop
DEC 2003
Direct to Home Satellite TV (1986)
C-band (4 GHz)
• 6 foot dishes
Analog system
• 6 MHz channels
• Few channels per satellite
Problems:
• cumbersome/expensive equipment
• expensive hardware
• limited channel selection
Image: Dave’s Web Shop
DEC 2003
DBS Receiver Technology
• Ku-band (higher
frequency) enables small
receiving dish
• Digital signal provides
• CD quality sound
• “Better” picture
• Additional services
• More channels:
“500!”
DEC 2003
DBS Summary
• Promise of high-quality, nation-wide service obtained
• DirecTV and Echo Star
• Advantages
• Easy to add new customers (database change)
• Disadvantages
• Large customer and venture investment up-front
• No standard among providers
• Compression can break down
• Cable has caught up
• Limited bandwidth, HDTV?
• Rainfade (FL - high gain slope and rain rates)
DEC 2003
Satellite Radio (2002)
• Two competing and incompatible systems: XM
and Sirius
• Like Direct Broadcast Television in idea
• Smaller antenna
• No need to point
• Coming next, Digital Radio in the AM and FM
bands.
• Static free
• Additional features (e.g., play list)
Image: Sony
DEC 2003
Iridium (1998)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cell coverage around the world through a 66
satellite network
• Low earth orbit: 485 miles
First phones were brick size/weight
Pricing is way too high (dollars/minute) for
general consumer
Land based systems in other countries built
out faster than expected
$4 B and company filed for bankruptcy
Niche market for private planes, boats, artic
explorers and military
Lesson learned (probably not): Just because
you can do something, doesn’t mean you
should
Source: Iridium
DEC 2003
Wireless Networks (2000)
W-LAN
W-PAN
Laptop
SlaveLaptop
Network
MasterCar
Laptop
802.11 b (WI-FI)
Laptop
SlavePDA
SlaveCell
Bluetooth
DEC 2003
Bluetooth - PAN
• In the office
• In the car
• Soda machine
DEC 2003
Coverage Area in Wireless
Not uniform in practice
Source: University of Kansas' Information &
Telecommunications Technology Center
and Kansas Applied Remote Sensing
Program
DEC 2003
So what is happening now!
TODAY: 10 million users in the US check mail or surf the web wirelessly via mobile
phones or handheld computers
•
WLAN
• 802.11b (11 Mbps) and Bluetooth (720 kbps)
•
Satellite based systems
• XM and Sirius digital radio
• OnStar telematics
•
In building wireless
• Your mobile phone becomes part of the company exchange inbuilding
• Maintains regular mobile functions off-campus
•
THE FIELD IS MARKET DRIVEN!
DEC 2003
What is Next? Wireless Sensor Networks
Very sophisticated, low-cost and ubiquitous sensing
networks using many, broadly distributed sensors
3G, WLAN
NETWORK
DEC 2003
Wireless Sensor Networks
Very sophisticated, low-cost and ubiquitous sensing
networks using many, broadly distributed sensors
The system is sophisticated but the individual
components can be “dumb”
DEC 2003
Why is this an important area?
Industry
~90% of instrumentation costs deal with installation
(e.g., mounting and routing of cabling)
Military
Can sensor systems replace human sentinels and save
lives?
Environmental
In situ sensing is more accurate than remote sensing
DEC 2003
Sample Wireless Sensor Application:
Smart Bobbers
•
Ubiquitous sensing of watershed
processes (e.g., chemicals,
H
H
N
C
C
hydrology and nutrients)
•
N
H
N
C
Fully integrated floating sensing,
Watershed
processing and communicating
device
•
Information enables dynamic
modeling and adaptive
Adaptive
Management
Data Reception &
Sensor Fusion
management of resources
Dynamic
Modeling
DEC 2003
DEC 2003
End Result:
Remote
Monitoring of
SpatialTemporal
Data
http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/recenteqs/latest.htm
DEC 2003
Student Project - Hardware
DEC 2003
Math is Important!
• FM modulation
t
FM (t )  A cos(ct  k f  m( )d )  A cos(ct  k f a (t )) 

1
1


Acosct  k f a (t ) sin(ct )  k 2f a 2 (t ) cos(ct )  k 2f a 2 (t ) sin(ct )  
2!
3!


CALCULUS – Power Series Expansion
DEC 2003
Communications is Important!
• Engineers must be able to communicate their ideas
• To their colleagues/clients
• In written reports
• In oral presentations
DEC 2003
Key Points
• Electrical Engineers work in all aspects of society
• In less than 20 years, wireless communications has become
nearly ubiquitous
• Technology without a market is doomed to fail
• Your math courses and communication skills form a key
foundation for electrical engineering
• The future is up to you!
DEC 2003