Transcript Asylum Applications - Settlement At Work

Global Immigration Trends and Issues
Keynote Address
CIC-LINC Administrators’ Meeting
by
Dr. Usha George
Dean, Faculty of Community Services, Ryerson University, Toronto.
March 7, 2007
Eaton Centre, Marriott Hotel, Toronto
Features of Globalization
►
►
Mutually reinforcing processes of globalization and regionalization
Key Role of Global cities
►
Multinational companies control of employment, national exports, output,
and technology investment
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Increased mobility of capital and skilled labour
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Multilateral, regional, and worldwide systems of governance and regulation
►
Technology and the resultant speed and reach of cultural and social networks
►
Reconstitution of new transnational political economy through global
migrations
►
Asylum seekers and refugees are coming from the poor southern countries
Globalization and International
Migration
► Globalization
has greatly facilitated
international migration
► International
migration is noted in the
conceptualization of globalization
Global Trends in International
Population Movements
► Increasing
Migrants
► Global
Number of International
Movement of Refugees
► Decreasing
Number of Asylum Applications
► Feminization
of Migration
Increasing Number of International
Migrants
► Migrants
total 2.9 percent of the world
population (IOM, 2003)
“1 out of every 35 persons is an
international migrant” (IOM, 2003 p.
375)
World’s foreign-born population has
doubled between 1960 & 2000
Global Movement of Refugees
►
The United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR) reports that during the first
quarter of 2004, the refugee population was
“remarkably stable”
►
By the end of 2004, the number of refugees globally
totaled 9.2 million, a number which has decreased
slightly since the beginning of the same year
Source: UNHCR, 2004
Asylum Applications
The number of asylum requests filed
worldwide in 2004 was 676, 000
compared with 2003’s total of 830,300
Source: UNHCR, 2005
Nations recording and receiving the highest
number of new requests for asylum in 2004
Nations recording the highest
number of new requests for
asylum
Nations receiving the largest
numbers of asylum seekers
France
58,5000
Iran
1,046,000
United Kingdom
40,200
Pakistan
960,600
Germany
35,600,
Germany
876,622
The United
States
27,900
Tanzania
602,100
South Africa
32,600
The United
States
420,900
Canada
25,800
China
299,400
Source: UNHCR, 2005
Feminization of Migration
► In
2000, approximately 49 percent of
all international migrants were women
(IOM, 2005)
► Women
are increasingly migrating as
independent heads of households
instead of dependents
Migration Trends in North America- USA.
►
The U. S. is the world’s foremost receiving
country with approximately 850,000 legal
permanent entries and 1,535,000 entries
with temporary visas each year (IOM,
2003)
►
The largest migratory movement on earth
is that of emigration from Mexico to the
U. S. Between 300,000 and 400,000
Mexicans enter the U. S. annually.
Migration Trends in North America- Canada
► Canada
has received over 200,000 new
permanent residents almost every year
since 1990
► There
has been a quick and large increase in
its proportion of foreign-born residents in
recent years
Migration Trends in Latin America
Mexico and Central and South America
-
►
Migration to Canada and the U. S.
►
Intra-Central America migration
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Migration within the Andean region
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Migration flows in the Southern Cone of Argentina, Brazil,
Chile, and Uruguay
►
Guerilla warfare promoting refugee movements return
migration, and internal migration flows within Brazil
Migration Trends in Europe
►
During the past four decades the EU has been host to a large number
of immigrants - In 2005, immigrants constituted 8.8 per cent of the
total population of Europe (International Migration, 2006)
►
Migration flows move into other countries within the region
►
The types of migration flows and connections with other parts of the
world have diversified
►
Strong in-migration countries in the region include the Czech
Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Russia; strong out-migration
countries are Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine; and,
those witnessing a moderate level of migration are Lithuania and
Slovakia
Inflows of Foreign Nationals-Europe
2003-2004
Receiving
Country
2003
2004
2003-2004
Per cent
change
Finland
7500
5600
-1900
-25
Germany
238400
202300
-36100
-15
Netherlands
60800
57000
-3800
-6
Denmark
16200
15900
-300
-2
France
173100
175200
2100
1
Switzerland
79700
82600
2900
4
Sweden
38400
40700
2300
6
Norway
18800
21400
2600
14
Austria
51000
59600
8600
17
Portugal
11100
13100
2000
18
U.K
214600
266500
51900
24
Italy
121800
156400
34600
28
Source: IMO, 2006
Migration Trends in Europe
►
The intensity of migration flows can be characterized as those
countries with : strong inflow and weak outflow
strong inflow and outflow
weak inflow and strong outflow, and
weak inflow and outflow
►
Few countries, most notably Russia, have large numbers of
displaced persons (Okólski, 2000 )
►
Most European nations have begun to curb immigration rates
through the reinforcement of stricter immigration controls
Is immigration a remedy for declining
and aging populations?
A review of the research related to Immigration and
Canadian demographics reports that while
immigration, of about 200,000 per year can be the
solution to effectively prevent population decline, at
current levels of fertility, it has a minor impact on
ageing, which will continue regardless of level of
immigration (Beaujot, 1998).
Migration Policy Trends in Traditional
Countries of Immigration
► Immigration
as a source of increasing the
labour pool and growth in population
► Selection
of immigrant stream to suit the
country’s needs
►
Temporary-to-permanent entry routes have
become increasingly prominent
► Eurpean
Immigration to the TCI’s has
declined while immigration from Asia has
increased significantly
Transnationalism
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A new perspective
►
A grassroots occurrence with deep historical roots
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Is not a characteristic of all immigrants
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Transnational identities can take a variety of forms
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Transnationalism has macro-social consequences
►
Transnational activism varies in extent and forms with the
contexts of exit in the sending country and reception in the
receiving country
►
Global cities are major sites for transnational encounters
(Portes, 2003; Castles 2003).
Consequences of Immigration
►
Small negative effect of immigration on
unemployment—higher social cost for immigrants
than that for the population at large
►
Increased demand for goods and services produced
in the host country creates favourable demand for
labour
►
Immigrants serve as a flexible labour pool providing
geographical and functional mobility
►
Immigration has assisted some countries in dealing
with the problems created by an ageing population
Issues in Settlement
► Meaningful
employment
► Information
and access to programs
and services
► Housing
► Language
training
► Community
connections
References
►
Beaujot, R. (1998). Immigration and Canadian Demographics: State
of the Research. CIC Canada. Retrieved 27th September 2006 from
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/research/papers/demographics.html
►
Castles, S. (2003b). Transnational communities: A new form of social
relations under conditions of globalization? In J. G. Reitz (Ed.), Host
societies and the reception of immigrants, (pp. 429-445). San Diego:
University of California, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies.
►
International Migration 2006. (Wall chart). United Nations. Retrieved
on March 6, 2007 from
http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Ch
art/2006IttMig_chart.htm
►
International Migration Outlook. (2006).Retrieved on March 6, 2007
from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/44/33/36859673.pdf
►
International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2003). World
migration 2003. Retrieved on January 22, 2007, from
http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/cache/bypass/pid/8?entryId=4992
►
International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2005). World
migration 2005. Retrieved on January 22, 2007, from
http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/cache/bypass/pid/8?entryId=932
&srcId=933&grpsrc=yes&publicationEntriesGroup_filter=World%20
Migration%20Reports
►
Okólski, M. (2000). Recent trends and major issues in international
migration: Central and East European perspectives. International
Social Science Journal, 52, 330-341.
►
Portes, A. (2003). Conclusion: Theoretical convergencies and
empirical evidence in the study of immigrant transnationalism.
International Migration Review, 37, 874-892.
►
Tapinos, G.P. & Delaunay, D. (2000). Can one really talk of the
globalization migration flows? In (unknown eds.), Globalization,
Migration and Development, 35-58. Paris: OECD.
►
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2004).
Refugee Trends: 1 January-31 March 2004. Geneva, Switzerland:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Population Data
Unit, Population and Geographic Data Section.
►
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), (2005).
Asylum levels and trends in Industrialized countries, 2004. Retrieved
5th October 2006 from http://www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/news/opendoc.pdf?tbl=STATISTICS&id=422439144&
page=statistics