Transcript Water in New Hampshire

“…to raise new ideas and improve policy debates through quality
information and analysis on issues shaping New Hampshire’s future.”
Board of Directors
William H. Dunlap, Chair
David Alukonis
Eric Herr
Dianne Mercier
James Putnam
Todd I. Selig
Michael Whitney
Education Funding
and Policy in NH
Daniel Wolf
Martin L. Gross, Chair
Emeritus
Directors Emeritus
Leadership Seacoast
March 5, 2014
Sheila T. Francoeur
Stuart V. Smith, Jr.
Donna Sytek
Brian F. Walsh
Kimon S. Zachos
New Hampshire Center
for Public Policy Studies
So what?
• Why are we even having this
discussion?
• Why have we been talking
about “education funding” for
the past 15 years?
80%
0%
New Hampshire
Illinois
Nevada
Virginia
South Dakota
Nebraska
Pennsylvania
Connecticut
Missouri
Maryland
North Dakota
New Jersey
Rhode Island
Massachusetts
Ohio
New York
Texas
Colorado
Arizona
Montana
Maine
Tennessee
Georgia
Florida
Louisiana
Iowa
South Carolina
Wyoming
Indiana
Wisconsin
Mississippi
Oregon
Minnesota
Arkansas
California
Oklahoma
Alaska
Utah
Idaho
Alabama
Kansas
Kentucky
West Virginia
Delaware
Washington
Michigan
North Carolina
New Mexico
Vermont
Hawaii
Percent State Aid
Here’s why…
State Aid as Percent of School Revenue
School Year 1998-1999
100%
90%
Before reform, NH was last
in state aid for schools.
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
State
3
Claremont II Decision:
1997
• The education decision  “The responsibility
for ensuring the provision of an adequate
public education and an adequate level of
resources for all students in New Hampshire
lies with the State.”
• The tax decision  “To the extent that the
property tax is used in the future to fund the
provision of an adequate education, the tax
must be administered in a manner that is
equal in valuation and uniform in rate
throughout the State.”
4
State aid jumps after ruling
Percentage of New Hampshire School District Revenue
Provided by State Aid: 1919-2012
60%
Including Statewide Property Tax
50%
Excluding Statewide Property Tax
36.4%
40%
30%
20%
23.6%
10%
2009-10
2004-05
1999-00
1994-95
1989-90
1984-85
1979-80
1974-75
1969-70
1964-65
1959-60
1954-55
1949-50
1944-45
1939-40
1934-35
1929-30
1924-25
1919-20
0%
EQUITY
Elementary spending per student
1998, 2002, 2013
Per pupil spending as % of state median
300%
250%
2013
2002
1998
200%
150%
100%
50%
0%
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
School districts
101
111
121
131
141
151
7
Equalized Tax Rates for Education 1998, 1999, 2005, 2009
(compared to median town)
180%
Ratio of tax rate to median town tax rate
2009
160%
140%
120%
2005
100%
1999
80%
60%
40%
20%
1998
Taxpayer equity:
The change in taxpayer equity brought about by the reform
of 1999 was almost entirely reversed by 2005. By 2009,
taxpayer equity has shown how the changes brought by the
1999 reforms have eroded.
0%
8
one dot for each town (sorted from low to high separately for each year)
Property Taxes By Function 1997-2012
$3,500
County
State Education
Local Education
Municipal
$3,000
$2,500
242
217
202
194
178
$2,000
$1,500
116
129
116
362
495
499
499
1,331
876
909
939
1,612
974
994
1,371
932
537
660
718
816
$500
417
1,478
1,569
1,147
1,174
438
1,481
1,517
1,212
460
1,101
363
363
362
458
$1,000
363
362
383
160
154
364
248
256
362
180
116
245
252
468
478
514
543
594
639
712
771
824
$0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Change in Pupil Equity
No change in pupil equity ever
occurred.
Change in Taxpayer Equity
The initial increase in taxpayer equity
(although never fully realized) eroded
away by 2009.
10
ADEQUACY
Finding a benchmark
• 2006 NH Supreme Court case determined
that “adequate education” was never
sufficiently defined by Legislature.
• New definition is for “opportunity” for an
adequate education
– “Inputs” = courses offered, staffing,
funding, etc.
– “Outputs” = test scores, graduation rates,
attendance rates, etc.
The Magic Number:
$3,456 per pupil
• Teachers = $47,267
– 1 teacher/25 students (K-2) = $1,891 per pupil
– 1 teacher/30 students (3-12) = $1,576 per pupil
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Specialty teachers = $330 per pupil
Principals = $202 per pupil
Guidance counselors = $130 per pupil
Library media specialists = $95 per pupil
Custodians = $73 per pupil
Facilities maintenance = $195 per pupil
Technology = $75 per pupil
Instructional materials = $250 per pupil
Transportation = $315 per pupil
Differentiated Aid for
at-risk populations
• Economically disadvantaged
 $1,750 per low-income student
• English language learners
 $685 per student
• Special education students
 $1,882 per student
 Poor performers
 $685 for each 3rd grader who tests
below grade level in reading
The current landscape
School revenue:
Largely a local affair
Statewide
Property Tax
13%
State Foundation/
Adequacy Aid
20%
Federal Aid
7%
Other State Aid
3%
Tuition, Food, and
Other
1%
Local Property
Tax
55%
Sale of Bonds &
Notes
1%
NH below national average
in state funding . . .
State Share of Public Elementary and Secondary
Education Funding, 2010-11
90%
80%
U.S
Average
70%
60%
50%
New
New
Hampshire
Hampshire
40%
30%
20%
10%
SD
MO
NE
IL
NV
CT
FL
PA
RI
NH
VA
NJ
MA
CO
NY
TX
AZ
ME
MD
GA
LA
IA
OH
SC
MO
US
TN
OR
WI
MS
OK
ND
UT
AR
KY
AL
KS
WY
MI
IN
WV
CA
WA
NC
MN
DE
AK
ID
NM
VT
HI
0%
. . . but we spend more
per student overall
Per Pupil Public School Spending by State, 2010-11
$20,000
$18,000
$16,000
$14,000
$12,000
NewNew
Hampshire
U.S.
Aver
Hampshire
$10,000
$8,000
$6,000
$4,000
$2,000
UT
ID
OK
AZ
MS
TN
NC
NV
TX
CO
SD
AL
FL
SC
NM
CA
GA
KY
AR
IN
MO
W
KS
OR
IA
VA
US
MT
MN
LA
IL
MI
NE
OH
ND
ME
WI
W
HI
DE
NH
PA
RI
MD
MA
CT
WY
VT
NJ
AK
DC
NY
$0
We’re in a
high-spending region
What’s the concern?
• The problem is still the disparity across the
state in education spending, outcomes, and
property valuations (i.e., the basis for spending)
• Franklin  $8,370 per pupil spending
 $460,000 per pupil valuation
60% low-income students
63% 3rd Graders proficient in math
• Newington  $32,029 per pupil spending
 $12.4 million per pupil val.
10% low-income students
100% 3rd grd proficient in math
Regional variation
is significant
Cost Per Pupil by NH Region, 2011-2012
$18,000
$16,000
$16,304
$15,197
$14,848
$14,366
$15,045
$13,499
$14,000
$13,301
$11,344
$12,000
$11,807
$10,000
$8,000
$6,000
$4,000
$2,000
Seacoast
Lakes Region
Monadnock
Greater
Nashua
Greater
Manchester
Greater
Concord
White
Mountains
Great North
Woods
DartmouthSunapee
$0
Spending
& student success
Per pupil expenditures by NH district
vs. percent of students scoring Proficient or higher
on NECAP Reading (2012)
105
y = 0.0004x + 75.061
R2 = 0.031
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
Impact on policy:
Four big questions
• What do we want from our education
system?
• How should we measure success?
• Who are interested parties in this
discussion? What are their priorities?
• What outside trends are shaping
education in NH?
1. What is the desired
outcome?
• What do you want your 18-year-old
to be able to do when he or she
graduates high school?
2. What do we measure?
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Spending per pupil
English-language learners
Racial/ethnic breakdowns by district
Poverty rates by district
Teacher/student ratios
Teacher salaries
Teacher educational attainment
–
–
–
–
–
Graduation rates
Drop-out rates
College placement rates
Attendance rates
Test score, test scores, test scores
3. Interested parties
•
•
•
•
•
Students
Parents
Business community
Higher education community
Society at large
4. What about
demographics?
• What does education policy mean
for a state that is:
– Growing older,
– Raising fewer school-aged children,
– Seeing a significant shift in its pattern and
rates of in-migration?
Student trends moving
in one direction
New Hampshire Total Public School Enrollment,
2001-02 to 2012-13
210,000
205,000
Public School Enrollment
Number of Students
200,000
Without Charter Students
195,000
190,000
185,000
180,000
175,000
01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13
NH School Age Population Change by Town, 2000 to 2010
Change from
2000 to 2010
-2,500 - 0
0 - 100
100 - 500
What kind of
educational system
should we be building,
based on what this
map tells us?
500 - 1,000
Berlin
Lebanon
Laconia
•73 high schools
•100 SAUs
•160+ school districts
Franklin
Rochester
Somersworth
Dover
Durham
Claremont
Concord
Keene
Portsmouth
Manchester
Nashua
Source: US Census Bureau
Derry
New Hampshire Center
for Public Policy Studies
Board of Directors
Sheila T. Francoeur, Chair
David Alukonis
William H. Dunlap
Eric Herr
Dianne Mercier
Richard Ober
James Putnam
Stephen J. Reno
Stuart V. Smith, Jr.
Donna Sytek
Brian F. Walsh
Michael Whitney
Martin L. Gross, Chair
Emeritus
Want to learn more?
• Online: nhpolicy.org
• Facebook: facebook.com/nhpolicy
• Twitter: @nhpublicpolicy
• Our blog: policyblognh.org
• (603) 226-2500
Todd I. Selig
Kimon S. Zachos
Directors Emeritus
“…to raise new ideas and improve policy debates through quality
information and analysis on issues shaping New Hampshire’s future.”