We are Different

Background for understanding cultural variability in the world as described by Humanistic Geographers – Also questions Globalist View of World

Learning Objectives

• Define and discuss culture • Explore Hofstede’s view of world cultures • Explore Todd’s view of families types around the world • Perform exercise understanding how culture and family effects your own background 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 2

Culture is the “Collective Programming of the Mind”

Geert Hofstede (1980)

• • •

Culture differentiates the motivation of different groups Culture gives meaning to an environment

–

uses symbols and myths Culture shapes perceptions and behavior

–

establishes norms and taboos

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• In short

CULTURE

differentiates the

actions

of one group from another • Thus

CULTURE

differentiates one

group

from another • We are different because we

act differently

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Video Clip

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbELQIi-an4&feature=related 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 5

Culture’s Foundation

• Culture is based upon

VALUES

organized into

PARADIGMS

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Values

-- broad preference for one state of affairs over others

• Create moral signposts • Inform proper Behavior by setting priorities • Values have an emotional commitment • Values are learned through socialization from birth till death • Example: Honor thy father – Value into a Paradigm – caring for your elderly parents, in some societies it is the Law.

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Contrasting Values

• American Values -- Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness • French Revolutionary Values -- Life, Liberty, and Land – Slightly different but critically • Canadian Values – Peace, Order, and Good Government • “Asian Confucian Values” – Responsibilities, Duties to the Group & Parents, not to the Individual 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 9

Asian Values

http://bigthink.com/videos/kishore-mahbubani-what-are-asian-values 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 10

Paradigm -- set of beliefs that organizes the way of interpreting the world

•

Values

are organized through

paradigms

into a way of life • A

Social Paradigm

contains

survival information for maintaining

a CULTURE 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 11

A

Social Paradigm

contains survival information for maintaining a CULTURE

• Based on generations of experience • Avoids dysfunctional behavior • Difficult to dislodge -- definitions of

REALITY

are anchored in the paradigm and its values • Guides and justifies the actions of a group 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 12

Class Activity – 5 Minute Activity

• Each group is to take a few minutes to describe a key American Value and factor in the American Social Paradigm.

• Second, can you identify any special (family, ethnic, religious…) factors making up a

personal

Social Paradigm that some Americans may or may not share with the rest of your group?

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An example of American Values & Paradigm

Listen and Identify Evidence for American Values and Paradigm Skip to 1:20 for Senator John McCain’s statement Hofstede's Dimensions 14

Social Paradigm example from the Amish

• The rules of the church — the

Ordnung

— must be observed by every member. These rules cover most aspects of day-to-day living, and include prohibitions or limitations on the use of power-line electricity, telephones, and automobiles, as well as regulations on clothing. Many Amish church members may not buy insurance or accept government assistance, such as Social Security http://www.americanamishcompany.com/history/

Lack of Invidiualism among the Amish

• Two key concepts for understanding Amish practices are their

rejection of Hochmut (pride, arrogance, haughtiness)

and the

high value they place on Demut

(humility) and

Gelassenheit

(calmness, composure, placidity) —

often translated as "submission"

or "letting-be". Gelassenheit is perhaps better understood as a reluctance to be forward, to be self-promoting, or to assert oneself. The Amish's willingness to submit to the "Will of God", expressed through group norms, is

at odds with the individualism so central to the wider American culture

.

Amish society

by John Andrew Hostetler

Questions

• Are “Human Rights” a Western Value or Reality?

• Does equality of the sexes lead to continuation of a society or breakup of the family?

• Why did Canada support “Gay Marriage” when many in the US opposed (or still oppose it?

• Should we elect or appoint leaders?

– Presidents, generals, teachers, judges 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 17

Obama’s Inaugural Address

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Are there Universal Human Rights?

4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pz4STWEfWi4 19

Answer

• Different cultures answer these questions differently – draw on different sets of values – use different social paradigms – have different “

REALITIES”

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Why you don't hear Harper say 'God bless Canada' anymore

http://www.cbc.

ca/gfx/pix/harpe r-cp 9870945.jpg

Hill Times Online As Prime Minister Stephen Harper inches closer toward a majority government, he has erased all religious references from his public speeches, hoping to broaden his appeal to those Canadians who cringe at even the very thought that religion could play any

By RICHARD ALBERT Published November 9, 2009 BOSTON—In the 2004 race to lead to the new Conservative Party, then-candidate Stephen Harper proudly concluded his speeches with "God bless Canada." Later as opposition leader and then as prime minister in a minority Parliament, Harper, an evangelical Christian, continued to close his public addresses with those three words—until the weeks leading up to last year's federal election campaign when polls suggested the Conservative Party http://www.thehilltimes.ca/page/view/albert-11-9-2009...

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Continuing

• Different cultures also have different – Economic cultures – note that Islamic Law outlaws usury (bank loans) – Corporate Cultures (IBM vs. Mac or GM vs. Toyota) – have different “

REALITIES”

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Geert Hofstede

• • •

Each culture has a mainstream (great tradition) of values and social paradigm Cultures have internal variations (little traditions) However, differences between cultures are greater then differences within

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Hofstede’s Dimensions: 5 Factors of Cultural Variation

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Individualism vs. Collectivism Power--Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity-- Femininity (Sex Differentiating) Long Term Orientation -- Confucian Dynamism 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 24

.

Individualism-Collectivism

– the degree of individual or group orientation

• • • •

Worship independent actor Stress Protestant Ethic Market Economies Balanced-power political systems

• • • •

Stress identity and roots Traditionalist ethic Nonmarket Economies Unbalanced-power political systems

•

Policies initiative based and apply to all

4/26/2020 •

Loyalty and Sense of Duty

Hofstede's Dimensions 25

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.

Individualism-Collectivism

– the degree of individual or group orientation

• From country list note position of US, Canada, and UK versus Japan, Hong Kong, Venezuela and Mexico • Generally more economically developed countries have greater emphasis on individualism, but not always (see Japan) – more Manchester School “Liberalism” • Way to map this is next slide …”

Individualism correlates highly with contemporary level of economic development …correlation with per capita income is R = 0.82

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Summary Table of Nine Countries Plus Hong Kong

Used to investigate a number of countries around the world

Power Uncertainty Distance Individualism Masculinity Avoidance Long-term Orientation

USA Germany Japan France Netherlands Hong Kong Indonesia West Africa Russia China 40L 35L 54M 68H 38L 68H 78H 77H 95H 80H 91H 67H 46M 71H 80H 25L 14L 20L 50M 20L 62H 66H 95H 43M 14L 57H 46M 46M 40L 50M From: http://www.

pittstate.edu/mgmkt/culture.html

4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 46L 65M 92H 86H 53M 29L 48L 54M 90H 60M 29L 31M 80H 30L 44M 96H 25L 16L 10L 118H 28

Based On 9 Countries How well does this demonstrate the North-South Divide?

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Green is most Individual

29

Based On Larger Sample

How well does this demonstrate the North-South Divide?

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Green is most

30

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Power Distance

– the extent to which members of an organization accept that power is distributed unequally throughout the organization.

HIGH

• Autocratic Governments • Polarization of Right and Left with weak Center • Taxes protect wealthy • Religions stress stratification 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions

LOW

• Majority Rules • Stable Government • Strong Center • Taxes redistribute wealth • Religions stress equality 32

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Power Distance

– the extent to which members of an organization accept that power is distributed unequally throughout the organization.

• • Again, From country list note position of US, Canada, and UK versus Japan, Hong Kong, Venezuela and Mexico (note that the listing of countries has remained constant) • Less relationship to development, see especially France

“A useful indicator of power-distance is the degree of income inequality within countries”

See map 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 34

Hofstede's Dimensions How well does this reflect a long history of popularly elected governments?

35

Based on More Countries

Hofstede's Dimensions elected governments?

36

4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 37

Uncertainty Avoidance (avoid risk)

– describing how comfortable people feel towards ambiguity and risk.

HIGH

• Dependence on Government • Little tolerance for citizen protest • Elaborate Legal systems • More written

rules

• More ritual behavior 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions

LOW

• Citizen competence • Tolerance for citizen protest • Casuistic approach to legal issues • More

pragmatic thinking

• Fewer written rules 38

Uncertainty -- Avoidance table not available 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 39

Uncertainty Avoidance

– describing how comfortable people feel towards ambiguity and risk.

• Low U-A (don’t worry about risk) countries include the US, UK, CA, Scandinavia • High U-A (avoid risk) countries include Latin America, Japan, former Soviet Union empire 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 40

4/26/2020

Based on 9 Countries

Hofstede's Dimensions

Note there is a pretty good relationship here with Annual Inflation Rate

41

Based on More Countries

Hofstede's Dimensions

Green is

42

Avoidance

Combination Uncertainty Avoidance and Individualism

Asian Values?

Collectivist Values?

Anglo Saxon Values?

4/26/2020 W. Europe Continenal Values?

Hofstede's Dimensions • http://ausweb.scu.edu.au/aw03/papers/edwards2/paper.html

What is the true value of online information?

Chris Edwards, [HREF1] Digital Projects Leader, Asia Pacific Cluster, Scholarly Information Services/Library, Menzies Building No 2, Australian National University, [ HREF 2 ] Acton, ACT 0200. e-mail: [email protected]

43

Masculinity-Femininity

– expected outlook towards purpose of work & gender roles in a culture (note femininity is not feminism) • Aggressive pursuit of • Emphasis on

caring

success --

Macho and sharing &

• Income strong

relationship building

measure of self • Focus on Quality of • Jobs linked to gender Life not just $ roles – male jobs & • Both are breadwinners female jobs • Work to live • Live to work 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 44

Traits of Masculinity / Femininity social norms politics and economics religion work family and school High Masculine ego oriented money and things are important live in order to work economic growth high priority conflict solved through force most important in life only men can be priests larger gender wage gap fewer women in management preference for higher pay traditional family structure girls cry, boys don’t; boys fight, girls don’t failing is a disaster Low Masculine (Feminine) relationship oriented quality of life and people are important work in order to live environment protection high priority conflict solved through negotiation less important in life both men and women as priests smaller gender wage gap more women in management preference for fewer working hours flexible family structure both boys and girls cry; neither fight failing a minor accident 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 45

Masculinity Femininity

4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 46

Masculinity-Femininity

– expected gender roles in a culture • Note the distinct differentiation of Scandinavia in particular from most of the rest of Europe • Japan is the opposite as is Venezuela • US falls near the mean with slight masculinity while Canada almost exactly on it • Maps provided shows

political participation by gender

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Based on More Countries

The only Red Countries (more Feminine here are mainly in NW Europe) 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions

Femininity

48

Masculinity

4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 49

Confucian Dynamism/Future Orientation

– the long or short term orientation of different cultures.

SHORT TERM

• Bottom Line • Profitability • Quick returns • Boom and bust-- hire and fire workers

LONG TERM

•Qualitative goals •Market share •Long term goals •Lifetime employment 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 50

4/26/2020

Based on 8 Countries

Hofstede's Dimensions Note how well Confucian China and Japan standout, but not Muslim Indonesia 51

Long Term Factor

N W S E

Based on More Countries

Hofstede's Dimensions

Facto r Very Sh ort Term - Mid Levle - Very Lo ng Term

52

Using Hofstede’s Dimensions

Hofstede’s own corporate site http://geert-hofstede.com/the-hofstede-centre.html

• A comparative tool on Hofestede’s site http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php

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Maps of Hofstede’s Dimensions

• • Unknown data set being displayed here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U XdlbgFxZo • Multiple videos illustrating the various dimensions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZqX0z 3g5bE&list=PL5FB43779443E4AEF 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 54

Additional Internet Sites About Hofstede’s Dimensions

• “ Hofstede’s Dimensions: A High Level Tool for Working Internationally.” Bing, John W.

http://www.itapintl.com/hofstedesdimensions.htm

• Hofstede’s Dimensions http://www.pittstate.edu/mgmkt/culture.html

• • Dimensions of Culture http://cwis.kub.nl/~fsw_2/iric/index2.htm

December 2001

Compiled by Hazel Cameron , Business and Economics Librarian with assistance from Robyn Adcox, Reference Specialist, Western Washington University 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 55

From Family to Culture Regions: An explanation of cultural traditions

• Emmanuel Todd

-- Family relations serve as

http://www.fujiwara-shoten.co.jp/graphy/todd.jpg

the model for political systems by defining the relationship between the individual and authority

•

Political Ideologies are no more than family relations writ large

• Values and paradigms are passed from one generation to the next 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 56

Todd’s 8 Family Types

• Absolute Nuclear • Exogamous community • Authoritarian • Egalitarian • Endogamous community • Asymmetrical community • Anomic • African systems 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 57

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Few Definitions

• Absolute Nuclear – kids socialized to individualized values – must strive to succeed and support own individual nuclear family – preference for individual rights and liberty – laissez-faire liberalism (free market) – US, UK 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 59

• Authoritarian Family – paternalistic A standard of the Prussian Army used before 1807 – inequality of brothers through inheritance – seen in German areas, Japan, Korea,… – authority guarantees security -- strong central governments result 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 60

• Exogamous Community Family Albanian extended family – Equality of brothers and cohabitation of married sons and parents – Found in Russian, Albania, Central Italy, China, Vietnam 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 61

• African Family Systems – stable interpersonal relationship between mother and children – polygamy – vertical patrimonial power relationships are limited – cross community social organizations leading to Western style democracy creates difficulties 4/26/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 62

References

• Hofstede, Geert. 1980.

Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values.

Sage: Beverly Hills.

• Todd, Emmanuel. 1985.

The Explanation of Ideology.

Basil Blackwell: Oxford.

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