Open Shortest Path First

Pedro Tsao

E-mail:[email protected]

Agenda

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Link state

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OSPF Areas

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OSPF behavior

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OSPF Packets Type

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OSPF Network Type

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OSPF LSA Type

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OSPF Route Summarization

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Configuring OSPF Special Area types

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Configuring OSPF Authentication

Link State

Link State

The information available to a distance vector router has been compared to the information available from a road sign . Link state routing protocol are like a road map .

Link State routing include the following: • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) for IP • The ISO’s Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) for CLNS and IP • DEC’s DNA Phase V • Novell’s NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP)

OSPF as a Link-State Protocol

• OSPF propagates link-state advertisements rather than routing table updates • LSAs are flooded to all OSPF routers in the area • The OSPF link-state database(LSDB) is pieced together from the LSAs generated by the OSPF routers • OSPF use the SPF algorithm to calculate the shortest path to a destination  Link = router interface  State = description of an interface and its relationship to neighboring routers

Link State Data Structures

– Neighbor table:  Also known as the adjacency database  Contains list of recognized neighbors – Topology table:  Typically referred to as LSDB  Contains all routers and their attached links in the area or network  Identical LSDB for all routers within an area – Routing table:  Commonly named a forwarding database  Contains list of best paths to destinations

Link State Routing Protocol

 Link-state routers recognize more information about the network than their distance vector counterparts.  Each router has a full picture of the topology .

 Consequently, link-state routers tend to make more accurate decisions.

OSPF Areas

Link State Data Structure: Network Hierarchy

 Link-state routing requires a hierachical network structure that is enforced by OSPF.

 This two-level hierarchy consists of the following: • Transit area (backbone or area 0) • Regular areas (non-backbone areas)

OSPF Areas

OSPF area characteristics:  Minimizes routing table entries  Localizes impact of a topology change within an area  Detailed LSA flooding stops at the area boundary  Requires a hierarchical network design Area1 Backbone Area Area2 Area3

OSPF Terminology

 Router A and B are backbone routers  Backbone routers make up area 0  Router C, D and E are known as Area Border Routers (ABRs)  ABRs attach all other areas to area 0 Area1 Backbone Area Area2 Area3

OSPF Behavior

OSPF Adjacencies

Hello  Routers discover neighbors by exchange hello packets  Routers declare neighbors to be up after checking certain parameters or options in the hello packet

Forming OSPF Adjacencies

 Point-to-point WAN links:  Both neighbors become full adjacent  LAN Links  Neighbors form a full adjacency with the DR and BDR  Routers maintain two-way state with the other routers (DROTHERs)    Routing updates and topology information are passed only between adjacent routers Once an adjacency is formed, LSDBs are synchronized by exchanging LSAs LSAs are flooded reliably through the area (or network)

OSPF Router ID

 The Router is Known to OSPF by the OSPF router ID number  LSDBs use the OSPF router ID to differentiate one router from the next In descending other of specificity, the Router-id may be one of following: • Router-id command • Highest loopback address • Highest Active IP address

OSPF DR/BDR Election

DR/BDR will be electing by the following rules: • The router With Highest priority value is the DR • The router with the second highest priority value is BDR • In case of a tie. The highest Router ID is DR, the second is BDR • A router with priority of 0 cannot be the DR or BDR • A router that’s not DR or BDR is a DROther • If a router with higher priority comes into the network, it does not preempt the DR or BDR

OSPF Calculation

Routers find the best paths to destinations by applying Dijkstra’s SPF algorithm to link state database as follows:  Every router in an area has the identical link-state DB  Each router in the area places itself into the root of the tree that is built  The best path is calculated with respect to the lowest total cost of links to a specific destination  Best routes are put into the forwarding database(routing table)

OSPF Calculation(cont.)

Link-state DB A D x E Shortest Path C B A Dijkstra’s algorithm D F G H F Assume all links are Ethernet, with an OSPF cost of 10 G x E H C B

OSPF Packets Type

OSPF Packet Types

1.Hello

2.Destination Description 3.Link-State Request 4.Link-State Update 5.Link-State Acknowledgement

Neighborship: The Hello Packet

Hello hello • Router ID • Hello and dead intervals • Neighbors • Area ID • Router priority • DR IP address • BDR IP address • Authentication password • Stub area flag • Entry must match on neighboring routers

Establishing Bidirectional Communication

hello A 172.16.5.1/24 Port1 Down state I am router id 172.16.5.1, and I see no one Port2 172.16.5.2/24 B To 224.0.0.5

Initial State Router B neighbor List 172.16.5.1/24,in Port2 Unicast to A I am router id 172.16.5.2, and I see 172.16.5.1

Router A neighbor List 172.16.5.2/24,in Port1 hello Two-way State

Discovering the Network Routes

A 172.16.5.1/24 Port1 Port2 172.16.5.2/24 B DBD Exstart state I will start exchange because I have router id 172.16.5.1

No, I’ll start exchange because I have a higher RID DBD DBD exchange State Here is a summary of my LSDB Here is a summary of my LSDB DBD

Adding the Link-State Entries

A 172.16.5.1/24 Port1 Port2 172.16.5.2/24 LSAck Thanks for the information!

Loading state LSR LSAck I need complete entry for network 172.16.6.0/24 Here is the entry for network 172.16.6.0/24 Thanks for the information!

Full State B LSAck LSU

Case Study: OSPF Packets

Area 0 int1 172.17.1.1/24 int2 172.17.2.1/24 Router ID: 2.2.2.2

int1 10.1.1.3/24 Router ID: 1.1.1.1

System 10.1.1.2/24 int1 192.168.1.1/24 Area 2 int2 192.168.2.1/24

Link-State Data Structures: LSA Operation

LSA IS entry in LSDB?

NO Add to DB YES YES Is seq# the same?

NO Is seq# higher?

Send LSAck NO YES Flood LSA Send LSU with newer information to source Ignore LSA Run SPF to calculate new routing table END END

Maintaining Routing Information

3 DR 1 2 B A  Router A notifies all OSPF DRs on 224.0.0.6

 DR notifies others on 224.0.0.5

Command (OSPF)

Command

Enable ospf Disable ospf create ospf area create ospf host_route create ospf aggregation config ospf ipif create ospf virtual_link

Parameters

type [normal | stub {stub_summary [enable | disable] | metric } {area | metric } lsdb_type summary {advertise [enabled | disabled]} [ipif | all] {area | priority | hello_interval | dead_interval | authentication [none | simple | md5 ] | metric | state [enable | disable] | active | passive} {hello_interval | dead_interval | authentication [none | simple | md5 ]}

Case Study: OSPF Configuration(D-Link)

Router ID: 2.2.2.2

DES-3852 Area 0 int1 172.17.1.1/24 int2 172.17.2.1/24 System 10.1.1.3/24 Router ID: 1.1.1.1

DES-3828P System 10.1.1.2/24 int1 192.168.1.1/24 Area 2 int2 192.168.1.1/24

int1 172.17.1.1/24 DES-3852 # OSPF config ospf ipif System area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf ipif int1 area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf ipif int2 area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf router_id 2.2.2.2

enable ospf System 10.1.1.3/24 int2 172.17.2.1/24 System 10.1.1.2/24 DES-3828P # OSPF create ospf area 0.0.0.2 type normal config ospf ipif System area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf ipif int1 area 0.0.0.2 state enable config ospf ipif int2 area 0.0.0.2 state enable config ospf router_id 1.1.1.1

enable ospf int1 192.168.1.1/24 int2 192.168.1.1/24

int1 172.17.1.1/24 DES-3852 # OSPF config ospf ipif System area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf ipif int1 area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf ipif int2 area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf router_id 2.2.2.2

enable ospf System 10.1.1.3/24 int2 172.17.2.1/24 System 10.1.1.2/24 DES-3828P # OSPF create ospf area 0.0.0.2 type normal config ospf ipif System area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf ipif int1 area 0.0.0.2 state enable config ospf ipif int2 area 0.0.0.2 state enable config ospf router_id 1.1.1.1

enable ospf int1 192.168.1.1/24 int2 192.168.1.1/24

int1 172.17.1.1/24 DES-3852 # OSPF config ospf ipif System area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf ipif int1 area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf ipif int2 area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf router_id 2.2.2.2

enable ospf System 10.1.1.3/24 int2 172.17.2.1/24 System 10.1.1.2/24 DES-3828P # OSPF create ospf area 0.0.0.2 type normal config ospf ipif System area 0.0.0.0 state enable config ospf ipif int1 area 0.0.0.2 state enable config ospf ipif int2 area 0.0.0.2 state enable config ospf router_id 1.1.1.1

enable ospf int1 192.168.1.1/24 int2 192.168.1.1/24

Case Study: OSPF Configuration(Cisco)

Fa1/3 10.1.3.2/24 SW3 Area 0 Fa1/1 88.88.88.88/24 Area 1 Fa1/1 172.31.1.2/24 Fa1/2 10.1.2.1/24 SW2 Fa1/1 172.31.1.1/24 Fa1/2 10.1.2.1/24 SW4 Fa1/2 99.99.99.99/24 SW1 Fa1/3 10.1.3.1/24 Area 3 • X is the Switch Number • Each Switch has a loopback: X.X.X.X/32 except SW3

OSPF Network Type

OSPF Network Type

The three types of networks defined by OSPF are:  Point-to-point : A network that joins a single pair of routers  Broadcast : A multiaccess broadcast network, such as Ethernet  Non-Broadcast multiaccess(also called NBMA) : A network that interconnects more than two routers but that has no broadcast capability. Frame Relay, X.25 and ATM are examples of NBMA networks

Point-to-point Links

 Usually a serial interface running either PPP or HDLC  May also be a point-to-point interface running Frame Relay or ATM  No DR or BDR election required  OSPF autodetects this interface type  OSPF packets are send using multicast 224.0.0.5

Broadcast Network

 Generally these are LAN technologies like Ethernet and Token Ring  DR and BDR election are required  All neighbor routers form full adjacencies with the DR and BDR only  Packets to the DR and BDR use 224.0.0.6

 Packets from DR to all other routers use 224.0.0.5

Electing the DR and BDR

Hello  Hello packets are exchange via IP multicast  The router with the highest priority is selected as the BR. The second-highest one is the BDR  Use the OSPF RID as the tie breaker  The DR election is nonpreemptive

OSPF Network Type summary

OSPF Mode Broadcast Nonbroadcast (NBMA) NBMA Preferred Topology Full or partial mesh Full or partial mesh Subnet Address Same Same Hello Timer 10 sec 30 sec Point-to multipoint Partial-mesh or star Same 30 Sec Point-to multipoint nonbroadcast Point-to-point partial-mesh or star Partial-mesh or star, using subinterface Same 30 sec Different for Each Subinterface 10 sec Adjacency Automatic, DR/BDR elected Manual configuration, DR/BDR elected Automatic, no DR/BDR Manual configuration, no/DR/BDR Automatic, no DR/BDR RFC or Cisco Cisco RFC RFC Cisco Cisco

OSPF Router Type

Internal routers ABR and Backbone Area0 Backbone/Internal routers Router Internal routers Area1 ABR and Backbone Router External AS Area2 ASBR and Backbone Router

OSPF Virtual Link

Area0 10.0.0.0

A Area1 172.16.0.0

Virtual Link B Area0 10.0.0.0

• Virtual links are used to connect a discontinuous area to area 0 • A logical connection is built between router A and router B • Virtual links are recommended for backup or temporary connections

Case Study: OSPF Virtual Link (D-Link)

Case Study: OSPF Virtual Link (Cisco)

Q&A

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