Transcript Basic Marketing, 16e

Chapter
13
Security and Ethical Challenges
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
IT Security, Ethics, and Society
• Information technology has both beneficial
and detrimental effects on society and
people
– Manage work activities to minimize the
detrimental effects of information technology
– Optimize the beneficial effects
13-2
Categories of Ethical Business Issues
13-3
Corporate Social Responsibility Theories
• Stockholder Theory
– Managers are agents of the stockholders
– Their only ethical responsibility is to increase
the profits of the business without violating the law or
engaging in fraudulent practices
• Social Contract Theory
– Companies have ethical responsibilities to all
members of society, who allow corporations
to exist
13-4
Corporate Social Responsibility Theories
• Stakeholder Theory
– Managers have an ethical responsibility to
manage a firm for the benefit of all its
stakeholders
– Stakeholders are all individuals and groups
that have a stake in, or claim on, a company
13-5
Computer Crime
• Computer crime includes
– Unauthorized use, access, modification, or destruction
of hardware, software, data, or network resources
– The unauthorized release of information
– The unauthorized copying of software
– Denying an end user access to his/her own hardware,
software, data, or network resources
– Using or conspiring to use computer or network
resources illegally to obtain information or tangible
property
13-6
Hacking
• Hacking is
– The obsessive use of computers
– The unauthorized access and use of networked
computer systems
• Electronic Breaking and Entering
– Hacking into a computer system and reading files, but
neither stealing nor damaging anything
• Cracker
– A malicious or criminal hacker who maintains
knowledge of the vulnerabilities found for
private advantage
13-7
Common Hacking Tactics
• Denial of Service
– Hammering a website’s equipment with too
many requests for information
– Clogging the system, slowing performance,
or crashing the site
• Scans
– Widespread probes of the Internet to determine types
of computers, services, and connections
– Looking for weaknesses
13-8
Common Hacking Tactics
• Sniffer
– Programs that search individual packets of
data as they pass through the Internet
– Capturing passwords or entire contents
• Spoofing
– Faking an e-mail address or Web page to trick users
into passing along critical information
like passwords or credit card numbers
13-9
Common Hacking Tactics
• Trojan House
– A program that, unknown to the user, contains
instructions that exploit a known vulnerability
in some software
• Back Doors
– A hidden point of entry to be used in case the original
entry point is detected or blocked
• Malicious Applets
– Tiny Java programs that misuse your computer’s
resources, modify files on the hard disk, send fake
email, or steal passwords
13-10
Common Hacking Tactics
• War Dialing
– Programs that automatically dial thousands of
telephone numbers in search of a way in through a
modem connection
• Logic Bombs
– An instruction in a computer program that triggers a
malicious act
• Buffer Overflow
– Crashing or gaining control of a computer by sending
too much data to buffer memory
13-11
Common Hacking Tactics
• Password Crackers
– Software that can guess passwords
• Social Engineering
– Gaining access to computer systems by talking
unsuspecting company employees out of
valuable information, such as passwords
• Dumpster Diving
– Sifting through a company’s garbage to find
information to help break into their computers
13-12
Cyber Theft
• Many computer crimes involve the theft of money
• The majority are “inside jobs” that involve unauthorized
network entry and alternation
of computer databases to cover the tracks
of the employees involved
• Many attacks occur through the Internet
• Most companies don’t reveal that they have
been targets or victims of cybercrime
13-13
Unauthorized Use at Work
• Unauthorized use of computer systems and
networks is time and resource theft
– Doing private consulting
– Doing personal finances
– Playing video games
– Unauthorized use of the Internet or company
networks
• Sniffers
– Used to monitor network traffic or capacity
– Find evidence of improper use
13-14
Internet Abuses in the Workplace
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General email abuses
Unauthorized usage and access
Copyright infringement/plagiarism
Newsgroup postings
Transmission of confidential data
Pornography
Hacking
Non-work-related download/upload
Leisure use of the Internet
Use of external ISPs
Moonlighting
13-15
Software Piracy
• Software Piracy
– Unauthorized copying of computer programs
• Licensing
• Purchasing software is really a payment
for a license for fair use
• Site license allows a certain number of copies
A third of the software industry’s revenues are lost to
13-16
piracy
Theft of Intellectual Property
• Intellectual Property
– Copyrighted material
– Includes such things as music, videos, images, articles, books,
and software
• Copyright Infringement is Illegal
– Peer-to-peer networking techniques have made
it easy to trade pirated intellectual property
• Publishers Offer Inexpensive Online Music
– Illegal downloading of music and video is
down and continues to drop
13-17
Viruses and Worms
• A virus is a program that cannot work without being
inserted into another program
– A worm can run unaided
• These programs copy annoying or destructive routines
into networked computers
– Copy routines spread the virus
• Commonly transmitted through
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The Internet and online services
Email and file attachments
Disks from contaminated computers
Shareware
13-18
Top Five Virus Families of all Time
• My Doom, 2004
– Spread via email and over Kazaa file-sharing network
– Installs a back door on infected computers
– Infected email poses as returned message or one that
can’t be opened correctly, urging recipient
to click on attachment
– Opens up TCP ports that stay open even after
termination of the worm
– Upon execution, a copy of Notepad is opened, filled
with nonsense characters
13-19
Top Five Virus Families of all Time
• Netsky, 2004
– Mass-mailing worm that spreads by emailing
itself to all email addresses found on infected
computers
– Tries to spread via peer-to-peer file sharing
by copying itself into the shared folder
– It renames itself to pose as one of 26 other
common files along the way
13-20
Top Five Virus Families of all Time
• SoBig, 2004
– Mass-mailing email worm that arrives as
an attachment
• Examples: Movie_0074.mpg.pif, Document003.pif
– Scans all .WAB, .WBX, .HTML, .EML, and .TXT files
looking for email addresses to
which it can send itself
– Also attempts to download updates for itself
13-21
Top Five Virus Families of all Time
• Klez, 2002
– A mass-mailing email worm that arrives
with a randomly named attachment
– Exploits a known vulnerability in MS
Outlook to auto-execute on unpatched clients
– Tries to disable virus scanners and then copy itself to
all local and networked drives with a random file name
– Deletes all files on the infected machine and
any mapped network drives on the 13th of all evennumbered months
13-22
Top Five Virus Families of all Time
• Sasser, 2004
– Exploits a Microsoft vulnerability to spread
from computer to computer with no user
intervention
– Spawns multiple threads that scan local
subnets for vulnerabilities
13-23
The Cost of Viruses, Trojans, Worms
• Cost of the top five virus families
– Nearly 115 million computers in 200 countries were
infected in 2004
– Up to 11 million computers are believed to be
permanently infected
– In 2004, total economic damage from virus proliferation
was $166 to $202 billion
– Average damage per computer is between
$277 and $366
13-24
Adware and Spyware
• Adware
– Software that purports to serve a useful purpose, and often does
– Allows advertisers to display pop-up and banner ads without the
consent of the computer users
• Spyware
– Adware that uses an Internet connection in the background,
without the user’s permission or knowledge
– Captures information about the user and sends it over the Internet
13-25
Spyware Problems
• Spyware can steal private information and also
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Add advertising links to Web pages
Redirect affiliate payments
Change a users home page and search settings
Make a modem randomly call premium-rate phone numbers
Leave security holes that let Trojans in
Degrade system performance
• Removal programs are often not completely successful in
eliminating spyware
13-26
Privacy Issues
• The power of information technology to store and
retrieve information can have a negative effect on
every individual’s right to privacy
– Personal information is collected with every visit to a
Web site
– Confidential information stored by credit bureaus,
credit card companies, and the government has been
stolen or misused
13-27
Opt-in Versus Opt-out
• Opt-In
– You explicitly consent to allow data to be compiled
about you
– This is the default in Europe
• Opt-Out
– Data can be compiled about you unless you pecifically
request it not be
– This is the default in the U.S.
13-28
Privacy Issues
• Violation of Privacy
– Accessing individuals’ private email conversations and
computer records
– Collecting and sharing information about individuals
gained from their visits to Internet websites
• Computer Monitoring
– Always knowing where a person is
– Mobile and paging services are becoming more closely
associated with people than with places
13-29
Privacy Issues
• Computer Matching
– Using customer information gained from many sources
to market additional business services
• Unauthorized Access of Personal Files
– Collecting telephone numbers, email addresses, credit
card numbers, and other information to build customer
profiles
13-30
Protecting Your Privacy on the Internet
• There are multiple ways to protect your privacy
– Encrypt email
– Send newsgroup postings through anonymous
remailers
– Ask your ISP not to sell your name and information to
mailing list providers and
other marketers
– Don’t reveal personal data and interests on
online service and website user profiles
13-31
Privacy Laws
• Electronic Communications Privacy Act
and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
– Prohibit intercepting data communications messages,
stealing or destroying data, or trespassing in federalrelated computer systems
• U.S. Computer Matching and Privacy Act
– Regulates the matching of data held in
federal agency files to verify eligibility
for federal programs
13-32
Privacy Laws
• Other laws impacting privacy and how
much a company spends on compliance
– Sarbanes-Oxley
– Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (HIPAA)
– Gramm-Leach-Bliley
– USA Patriot Act
– California Security Breach Law
– Securities and Exchange Commission rule 17a-4
13-33
Computer Libel and Censorship
• The opposite side of the privacy debate…
– Freedom of information, speech, and press
• Biggest battlegrounds
– Bulletin boards
– Email boxes
– Online files of Internet and public networks
• Weapons used in this battle
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Spamming
Flame mail
Libel laws
Censorship
13-34
Computer Libel and Censorship
• Spamming
– Indiscriminate sending of unsolicited email messages to
many Internet users
• A quick aside:
– In May, 2011, I received the following Email:
– The Information Security Office at the University of Texas at Austin, in identifying local
blog comment spam problems, has discovered that the following site(s) on your
network may be used to distribute commercial blog comment spam:
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HOST: 129.108.0.95 [pkirs.utep.edu]
DATE: 2011-05-14 10:39:08 CDT/CST
URL(s):
http://pkirs.utep.edu/cis3355/Student%20Comments/F06Mid.htm
http://pkirs.utep.edu/cis3355/Submissions/Webpage_%20Problems.htm
13-35
Computer Libel and Censorship
•
When I looked at the site, I found:
Pseudonym: None
Date: 09/03/06
Time: 01:07:11 AM
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There was more
13-36
Computer Libel and Censorship
• IT’s Suggestion:
• CAPTCHA: Telling Humans and Computers Apart Automatically
• A CAPTCHA is a program that protects websites against bots by
generating and grading tests that humans can pass but current
computer programs cannot. For example, humans can read distorted
text as the one shown below, but current computer programs can't:
• The term CAPTCHA means “Completely Automated Public Turing Test
To Tell Computers and Humans Apart”
??? Good Idea or Bad Idea ???
13-37
Computer Libel and Censorship
• Flaming
– Sending extremely critical, derogatory, and often
vulgar email messages or newsgroup posting to other
users on the Internet or online services
– Especially prevalent on special-interest newsgroups
13-38
Cyberlaw
• Laws intended to regulate activities over
the Internet or via electronic communication
devices
– Encompasses a wide variety of legal and
political issues
– Includes intellectual property, privacy,
freedom of expression, and jurisdiction
13-39
Cyberlaw
• The intersection of technology and the law is controversial
– Some feel the Internet should not be regulated
– Encryption and cryptography make traditional form of regulation
difficult
– The Internet treats censorship as damage and simply routes
around it
• Cyberlaw only began to emerge in 1996
– Debate continues regarding the applicability of legal principles
derived from issues that had nothing to do with cyberspace
13-40
Other Challenges
• Employment
– IT creates new jobs and increases productivity
– It can also cause significant reductions in job opportunities, as
well as requiring new job skills
• Computer Monitoring
– Using computers to monitor the productivity and behavior of
employees as they work
– Criticized as unethical because it monitors individuals, not just
work, and is done constantly
– Criticized as invasion of privacy because many employees do not
know they are being monitored
13-41
Other Challenges
• Working Conditions
– IT has eliminated monotonous or obnoxious tasks
– However, some skilled craftsperson jobs have been replaced by
jobs requiring routine, repetitive tasks or standby roles
• Individuality
• Dehumanizes and depersonalizes activities because
computers eliminate human relationships
– Inflexible systems
13-42
Health Issues
• Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
– Disorders suffered by people who sit at a
PC or terminal and do fast-paced repetitive keystroke
jobs
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
– Painful, crippling ailment of the hand
and wrist
– Typically requires surgery to cure
13-43
Ergonomics
• Designing healthy work environments
– Safe, comfortable, and pleasant for people
to work in
– Increases employee morale and productivity
– Also called human factors engineering
13-44
Ergonomics Factors
13-45
Societal Solutions
• Using information technologies to solve human
and social problems
– Medical diagnosis
– Computer-assisted instruction
– Governmental program planning
– Environmental quality control
– Law enforcement
– Job placement
13-46
Societal Solutions
• The detrimental effects of
information technology
– Often caused by individuals
or organizations not
accepting ethical
responsibility for
their actions
13-47
Security Management of IT
• The Internet was developed for inter-operability,
not impenetrability
– Business managers and professionals alike
are responsible for the security, quality, and
performance of business information systems
– Hardware, software, networks, and data
resources must be protected by a variety
of security measures
13-48
Internetworked Security Defenses
• Encryption
– Data is transmitted in scrambled form
– It is unscrambled by computer systems for
authorized users only
– The most widely used method uses a pair of
public and private keys unique to each
individual
13-49
Public/Private Key Encryption
13-50
Internetworked Security Defenses
• Firewalls
– A gatekeeper system that protects a company’s
intranets and other computer networks from intrusion
– Provides a filter and safe transfer point for
access to/from the Internet and other networks
– Important for individuals who connect to the Internet
with DSL or cable modems
– Can deter hacking, but cannot prevent it
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Denial of Service Attacks
• Denial of service attacks depend on three
layers of networked computer systems
– The victim’s website
– The victim’s Internet service provider
– Zombie or slave computers that have been
commandeered by the cybercriminals
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Defending Against Denial of Service
• At Zombie Machines
– Set and enforce security policies
– Scan for vulnerabilities
• At the ISP
– Monitor and block traffic spikes
• At the Victim’s Website
– Create backup servers and network
connections
13-53
Internetworked Security Defenses
• Email Monitoring
– Use of content monitoring software that
scans
for troublesome words that might
compromise corporate security
• Virus Defenses
– Centralize the updating and distribution of
antivirus software
– Use a security suite that integrates virus
protection with firewalls, Web security,
and content blocking features
13-54
Other Security Measures
• Security Codes
– Multilevel password system
– Encrypted passwords
– Smart cards with microprocessors
• Backup Files
– Duplicate files of data or programs
• Security Monitors
– Monitor the use of computers and networks
– Protects them from unauthorized use, fraud,
and destruction
13-55
Other Security Measures
• Biometrics
– Computer devices measure physical traits
that make each individual unique
• Voice recognition, fingerprints, retina scan
• Computer Failure Controls
– Prevents computer failures or minimizes
its effects
– Preventive maintenance
– Arrange backups with a disaster recovery
organization
13-56
Other Security Measures
• In the event of a system failure, fault-tolerant
systems have redundant processors,
peripherals, and software that provide
– Fail-over capability: shifts to back up components
– Fail-save capability: the system continues
to operate at the same level
– Fail-soft capability: the system continues
to operate at a reduced but acceptable level
13-57
Other Security Measures
• A disaster recovery plan contains formalized
procedures to follow in the event of a disaster
– Which employees will participate
– What their duties will be
– What hardware, software, and facilities
will be used
– Priority of applications that will be processed
– Use of alternative facilities
– Offsite storage of databases
13-58
Auditing IT Security
• IT Security Audits
– Performed by internal or external auditors
– Review and evaluation of security measures
and management policies
– Goal is to ensure that that proper and
adequate measures and policies are in place
13-59
Protecting Yourself from Cybercrime
13-60