Transcript Cessna H Specs

The Use of Flight Simulation
to Analyze Aircraft Design
and Performance
Douglas L .Wilson – Chief Test Pilot
Abraham Gutierrez – Chief Systems Engineer
Anh Huy Nguyen – Chief Flight Engineer
Advisor – Basil Philip
Sponsor: Dr. Ron O. Stearman
Presentation Outline
 Outline
-Abraham Gutierrez
 Mooney 305
 Mooney Findings
 Mooney Summary
-Douglas Wilson
 Cessna 172 H
 Cessna 172 Findings
 Cessna Summary
 Entire Project Overview
-Anh Huy Nguyen
 Cessna 172 H
 Cessna 172 H Background
 Cessna 172 H Flight Test
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Objective
Objective
Approach
Mooney 305
Background
Phugoid Mode
Summary
 Design
- X-Plane Software
- Flight Simulator
 Investigation
- Mooney 305-1998 (Phugoid mode)
- Cessna 172H-2000 (Flaps Settings)
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Approach
Objective
Approach
Mooney 305
Background
Phugoid Mode
 Mooney 305
-Research Crash and Investigation Reports
-Build a Mooney 305 (X-plane)
-Flight Simulation Data vs Radar Data (Phugoid
Mode)
Summary
 Cessna 172 H
-Build a Cessna 172H (X-plane)
-Validation of the Flight Simulator
-Climbing Trends
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Mooney 305 Background
Objective
Approach
Mooney 305
Background
Phugoid Mode
Summary
 Accident
-Bakersfield Municipal Airport
-Phugoid Mode
 Investigation
-Several Changes
-Lack of Testing
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Mooney 305 Background
Objective
Approach
Mooney 305
Background
Modification
Mooney
M20k
Horsepower
210 HP
2 blade
2900 lbs
1860 lbs
60 kts
Phugoid Mode
Summary
Propeller
Max Weight
Empty Weight
Stall Speed
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Mooney
305
305 HP
3 blade
3200 lbs
2068 lbs
61 kts
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Objective
Phugoid Mode
 Oscillations
Approach
Mooney 305
Background
-Short Period (Several Seconds)
Change In
Altitude
Phugoid
Mode
Summary
Motion Occurs at Nearly
Constant Speed
Maximum speed
-Long Period (phugod mode)
Change In
Altitude
Long period
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Minimum speed
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Phugoid Mathematical Analysis
Objective
Approach
Mooney 305
Background

Phugoid Period
-T=.142*(2+a)^1/2*U
a=aerodynamic characteristics
U=true airspeed
Phugoid
Mode
Summary

Phugoid Damping Ratio
-ς=(sqrt(2)/4)*Cd/Cl
Cd=Coefficient of Drag
Cl=Coefficient of Lift
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Phugoid Mode Findings
Objective
Approach
 Radar Findings
Altitude vs Time
Phugoid
Mode
Summary
Altitude (ft)
Mooney 305
Background
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0:00:00
0:01:26
0:02:53
0:04:19
0:05:46
time (sec)
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Phugoid Mode Findings
Objective
 Radar Findings
Indicator Airspeed vs Time
250
Approach
Mooney 305
Background
IAS (knots)
200
150
Series1
196 Vne
174 Vno
119 Va
100
50
Phugoid
Mode
0:00:43
0:01:26
0:02:10
0:02:53
0:03:36
0:04:19
0:05:02
0:05:46
T ime (sec)
(k n o ts )
 Test Findings
In d ic a to r A ir s p e e d
Summary
0
0:00:00
In d ic a t o r A ir s p e e d
v s
T im e
2 5 0
2 0 0
1 5 0
1 0 0
5 0
0
0
2 0 0
4 0 0
6 0 0
8 0 0
1 0 0 0
T im
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
e
1 2 0 0
1 4 0 0
1 6 0 0
1 8 0 0
2 0 0 0
(s e c )
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Phugoid Mode Findings
Objective
 Radar Findings
Vertical Speed Indicator vs Time
0
16:24:58
Approach
16:25:41
16:26:24
16:27:07
16:27:50
16:28:34
16:29:17
16:30:00
16:30:43
VSI (ft/min)
-1000
Mooney 305
Background
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000
-6000
Phugoid
Mode
Time (sec)
 Test Findings
Summary
Vertical Speed Indicator vs Time
0
Vertical Speed Indcator(ft/min)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500
-3000
Time (se c)
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Summary
Objective
Approach
Mooney 305
Background
 Accomplishments
-Create Mooney 305
-Compare Radar Data with Simulator Data
Phugoid Mode
Summary
 Future Work
-Test the Mooney 305
-Work on the Autopilot
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Cessna 172 H
 Timeline
 Weights and Balances
 Investigation
 Real Flight Tests
 Simulation
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Timeline of the Cessna 172H
Crash
Timeline
Weights and
Balances
Investigation
Real Flight Tests
Simulation
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Weights and Balances
Timeline
Weights and
Balances
Max Gross Weight
2300 lbs.
Empty Weight
1400 lbs.
Full Fuel Tanks
252 lbs.
Pilot
264 lbs.
Front Passenger
251 lbs.
Rear Passenger
120 lbs.
Investigation
Real Flight Tests
Simulation
The aircraft was close to max weight.
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Cessna NTSB Findings
Timeline
 The airplane was found 300 yards southwest of the
Weights and
Balances


Investigation
Real Flight Tests
Simulation
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney





end of runway 31
The engine and nose was found aft in the cabin area
Chord-wise crush damage sustained aft to the wing
forward spars
Propeller blade bent and scratched
Left door torn from fuselage
Flap actuator was working properly
No mechanical malfunction to engine assembly
Wing flaps were set at 40 degrees (Manufacturer
recommended 0 degree settings for take-off)
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Further Investigation
Timeline
 At impact the tachometer was
Weights and
Balances
stuck at 1500 RPM
 If this was the correct engine
output, the aircraft would not be
able to maintain a climb attitude.
Investigation
Real Flight Tests
Simulation
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Probable Causes
Timeline
 Pilot attempted a touch-and-
Weights and
Balances
go landing and left the flaps
down at 40 degrees
 Engine malfunction during
take-off that resulted in a
partial or total power loss
Investigation
Real Flight Tests
Simulation
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Real Flight Testing (1)
Timeline
Weights and
Balances
Investigation
Real Flight Tests
Simulation
 Test SP4-E101
 Georgetown, TX
 February 22, 2004
 Georgetown Municipal Airport (KGTU)
 Participants: Stearman, Wilson, Weaver
 Cessna 739ZY
 172 N model
 160 HP (O-320 engine)
 Tests performed
 2 weights
 2 altitudes (2000 ft and 3000 ft)
 5 flap settings
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Weights for Test SP4-E101
Timeline
Weights and
Balances
Cessna 739ZY
Investigation
Real Flight Tests
Weight 1 (lbs)
Weight 2 (lbs)
A/C empty weight
1469.1
1469.1
Fuel Capacity (40 gal)
240.0
132
Passengers / gear
400.0
615
Total test weight
2109.1
2216.1
Simulation
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Real Flight Testing (2)
Timeline
Weights and
Balances
Investigation
Real Flight Tests
Simulation
 Test SP4-D101
 San Antonio, TX
 April 3, 2004
 Stinson Airport (KSSF)
 Participants: Wilson, Nguyen, Gutierrez, McGhee
 Cessna 2632L
 172 H model
 145 HP (O-300D engine)
 Climb Prop
 Tests performed
 2 weights
 2 altitudes (2000 ft and 3000 ft)
 5 flap settings
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Weights for Test SP4-D101
Timeline
Weights and
Balances
Cessna 2632L
Investigation
A/C empty weight
Real Flight Tests
Simulation
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Weight 1 (lbs)
Weight 2 (lbs)
1432.74
1432.74
Fuel Capacity ( 38 gal)
228.0
174
Passengers / gear
440.0
629
Total test weight
2101.0
2236
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Real Flight Testing (3)
Timeline
Weights and
Balances
Investigation
Real Flight Tests
Simulation
 Test SP4-D102
 Houston, TX
 April 27, 2004
 Weiser Air Park (KEYQ)
 Participants: Wilson, Nguyen, Gutierrez, Weaver
 Cessna 2320U
 172 H model
 145 HP (O-300D engine)
 Cruise Prop
 Tests performed
 2 weights
 2 altitudes (1500 ft and 2500 ft)
 5 flap settings
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Weights for Test SP4-D102
Timeline
Weights and
Balances
Cessna 2320U
Investigation
Weight 1 (lbs)
Weight 2 (lbs)
A/C empty weight
1420.6
1420.6
Real Flight Tests
Fuel Capacity (38 gal)
228.0
228
Simulation
Passengers / gear
430.0
610
Total test weight
2078.6
2258.6
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Aircraft Modifications
Timeline
Weights and
Balances
Investigation
Real Flight Tests
Simulation
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
PART
172 SP
172 SP
172 H
172 N
(N463QB)
(N463QC)
(N463QD)
(N463QE)
Flaps
30 deg
40 deg
40 deg
40 deg
Horsepower
180 hp
180 hp
145 hp
160 hp
Fuel
System
Fuel
Injected
Fuel
Injected
Carburetor
Carburetor
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Flight Simulation
Timeline
Weights and
Balances
Verification Tests
 Performance tests to compare to
manufacturer and actual flight data
Investigation
Real Flight Tests
Repeat previous flight tests
Simulation
Reconstruct accident
 Take-offs with 40 degrees of flaps at
desired weight
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Test Flight Results
Test Results
Projected Flight
Flight Recreation
Conclusions
Cost Analysis
Time Analysis
Future Projects
Acknowledgements
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Test Results - Simulation
Test Results
Projected Flight
Flight Recreation
Conclusions
Cost Analysis
Time Analysis
Future Projects
Acknowledgements
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Projected Flight
Test Results
Projected Flight
Flight Recreation
Conclusions
Cost Analysis
Time Analysis
Future Projects
Acknowledgements
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Flaps Down Recreation
Conclusions
Test Results
Projected Flight
 C-172H would need approximately 58
seconds to climb to 275 feet
Flight Recreation
Conclusions
Cost Analysis
Time Analysis
 If flaps were set at 40 degrees of
flaps, aircraft could not have reached
altitude
Future Projects
Acknowledgements
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
 Separate aircraft problem
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Potential Problems
Test Results
Projected Flight
Flight Recreation
Conclusions
Cost Analysis
 Conditions were adequate for
carburetor icing – decreased engine
performance
 Additional Engine Failure
Time Analysis
Future Projects
Acknowledgements
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
 Potential mechanical error – aircraft
had completed 100 hour inspection
the day before incident
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Cost Analysis
Test Results
Projected Flight
Flight Recreation
Conclusions
Cost Analysis
 Aircraft Flight Tests
 Aircraft rental(~11 hr): $79/hr - $880
 Instructor fee(~11 hr): $35/hr - $385
 Travel Expenses:
$500
Time Analysis
Future Projects
 Total expenses
~ $1765
Acknowledgements
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Time Analysis
Test Results
Projected Flight
Flight Recreation
Conclusions
Cost Analysis
Time Analysis
 Phase 1 – Completed
 Background investigations into both accidents
 Phugoid mode analysis
 A/C modifications made in flight simulators
 Phase 2A – Completed
 Actual flight testing of Cessna A/C
 Added to validate flight simulator data
Future Projects
Acknowledgements
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Time Analysis
Test Results
Projected Flight
Flight Recreation
Conclusions
Cost Analysis
Time Analysis
Future Projects
Acknowledgements
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
 Phase 2B – Completed
 Flight Simulator Testing
 Validation phase
 Accident Recreation
 Cessna 172 H
 Mooney Rocket
 Phase 3 – Completed
 Analysis of flight data
 Final reports and recommendations
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Future Projects
Test Results
Projected Flight
 Continue to analyze the Mooney
Flight Recreation
Rocket
 Additional C-172 testing to check
performance due to carb ice
 Expand the simulator testing to
additional aircraft
Conclusions
Cost Analysis
Time Analysis
Future Projects
Acknowledgements
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
 Other General Aviation accidents
 Commercial aircraft
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Acknowledgments
Test Results
Projected Flight
Flight Recreation
 Wright Aviation in Georgetown, TX
 Bill Eldredge and staff
 Alan Weaver – Flight Instructor
Conclusions
Cost Analysis
Time Analysis
Future Projects
Acknowledgements
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
 Check Six Aviation – San Antonio, TX
 Mario McGhee – Chief Flight Instructor
 Windsock Aviation – Cypress, TX
 Gary Ryan and staff
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Acknowledgments
Test Results
 Chuck Barnett
Projected Flight
Flight Recreation
Conclusions
 Dr. Ron O. Stearman
 Basil Philip
Cost Analysis
Time Analysis
Future Projects
 Marcus Kruger
 Joshua Foxworth
Acknowledgements
 Jennifer Lehman
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna
Summary
 Mooney 305
 Bakersfield, CA accident
 Phugoid Mode
 Cessna 172H
 Falcon Field Accident
 Flap settings and Engine Concerns
 Flight Testing
 Real Flight tests
 X-Plane Simulator testing
 Successfully demonstrated simulator usefulness
Abraham Gutierrez
Mooney
Anh Huy Nguyen
Cessna
Douglas Wilson
Cessna