Transcript Document
RETHINKING OLD AGE
Tengku Aizan Hamid, PhD ([email protected]) Director Institute Gerontology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
Outline of talk
Comparative demography
Definition of age
What is active ageing
What is productive ageing
Barriers to active and productive ageing
Promotion of active and productive ageing
Conclusion
Comparative demography
Human survival curves
What are the limits of human longevity and life expectancy
100 90 80 70 60 % 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 Age 50 60 70 80 90 100 1850 1930 1940 1990 1999 Limit
Number of Older Persons (60+) in the World by Continent, 1970 - 2020
Trends of older among the old
Age 80 and over, 1950-2050 9 8 World 7 More Developed Nations 2 1 0 4 3 6 5 Less Developed Nations
Source: Elaboration on Population Division 1997 Data (Medium-variant) by A. Golini
Speed of population ageing in selected countries Number of years to shift older population from 7% to 14%
France Switzerland USA Malaysia South Korea Sweden Germany China Japan Singapore 115 85 50 45 45 27 28 24 23 18
Sources: (1) United Nations The Aging of Population and its Economic and Social Implication Population Studies No.26, New York, 1956 (Before 1940); (2) United Nations World Population Prospects 1990 Population Studies No. 120, New York, 1991 (After 1940), Tengku Aizan et al 2005
Distribution of Older Persons, 2000
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Total number of Older Persons in ASEAN countries 37,314,5 thousand Ranking (N) #1 Indonesia #2 #3 Vietnam Thailand
Source: United Nations (2002) World Population Ageing 1950 – 2050 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (2004) ESCAP Population Data Sheet
Proportion of Older Persons, 2000
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Percentage of Older Persons in ASEAN countries 7.1 Percent Ranking (%) #1 Singapore #2 #3 Thailand Indonesia
Source: United Nations (2002) World Population Ageing 1950 – 2050 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (2004) ESCAP Population Data Sheet
Ageing Index of ASEAN Countries, 2000
Vietnam Thailand Singapore Philippines Malaysia Laos Indonesia Timor-leste Cambodia Brunei 0 5 10 15 20
Ageing Index (65+ / <15 * 100)
25 30 35 Source: United Nations Population Database (2004 Revision)
Older Population in
180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050
ASEAN is increasing
Brunei East Timor Lao PDR Singapo re Cambodi a Malaysia Myanma r Thailand Philippi nes Vietnam Indonesi a
Proportion of Population Aged 65+, 60+, 50+ and 0 -14, Malaysia, 1970-2050
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 65+ 60+ 50+ 0-14 5 0 1970* 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Ye ar Tengku Aizan et al 2005
Media Seminar on Active and Productive Ageing 17-18 December, 2005 Reinassance Hotel, Kota Bharu
Malaysia’s Age Pyramid Year 2000 and 2035
70-74 60-64 50-54 40-44 30-34 20-24 Lelaki 10-14 0-4 1500 1000 500 0
Bilangan ('000)
500 Perempuan 1000 1500 70-74 60-64 50-54 40-44 30-34 20-24 10-14 0-4 1500 Lelaki 1000 Year 2000 500 0
Bilangan (Ribu)
500 Year 2035 Perempuan 1000 1500
APEC/ASEAN Population and GDP, 2001
Imagine all the OLD PEOPLE……
Song by: John Lenon (Imagine)
Media Seminar on Active and Productive Ageing 17-18 December, 2005 Reinassance Hotel, Kota Bharu
Experience of Old Age Differs
Cohort
Time
Culture - Shapes the way in which we age because it influences all of the other determinants.
Benchmarks of old age
Biological
Loss of reproductive ability Grey hair?
Physical decline?
Psychological
Awareness that body no longer moves smoothly without effort Social
Becoming grandparent?
Retirement?
Death of parents?
Loss of independence?
Stereotyping Old Age
Burdensome
Rigid
Slow
Ageism
…………..
Hence, the need to rethink old age
Active ageing….
…..
is the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance Quality of Life as people age (WHO, 2002).
The word ACTIVE refers to continuing participation in social, economic, cultural, spiritual and civic affairs, not just the ability to be physically active or to participate in the labor force (WHO, 2002)
Productive Ageing
Capacity of the an older person to continue to work in a paid or voluntary capacity Also refers to behaviours that are inner directed, personally meaningful, and satisfying to the older person, whether or not they can be categorised as paid or volunteer services and regardless of whether others benefit directly from them.
Kaye et al 2003
Media Seminar on Active and Productive Ageing 17-18 December, 2005 Reinassance Hotel, Kota Bharu
The Active Ageing Approach
Based on the recognition of the human rights of older people and the United Nations Principles of independence, participation, dignity, care and sell-fulfillment.
The Active Ageing Approach
It shifts strategic planning away from a ‘needs-based’ approach (which assumes that older people are passive targets) opportunity and of life).
to a right-based approach (recognizes the rights of people to equality of treatment in all aspects
Active ageing as a life long process
Barriers along the life course needs to be addressed
In our context, what really is the accepted or universal definition of active ageing
Active ageing as successful ageing?
Active ageing as healthy ageing?
A Life Course Approach to Active Aging Early Life Growth and Development Adult Life Maintaining highest possible level of function Adult Life Maintaining independence and preventing disability Disability threshold* Rehabilitation and ensuring the quality of life Age
Disabled and disability-free expectancy at age 65
Male, disability-free Female, disability-free Male, disabled Female, disabled
Australia Austria Canada France Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom United States 0 5 10 15 20
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996). Global aging into the 21st Century. Washington, DC.
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The Determinants of Active Ageing Economic determinants GENDER Health & social service Social determinants ACTIVE AGING Behavioural determinants Physical environment CULTURE Personal determinants
Principles of active ageing
Activity :-meaningful and contribute to well being of older persons
Encompass all older people
Frail, dependent included
Preventive concept
Ill-health, disability, dependency,loss of skills
Principles of active ageing
Maintenance of intergenerational solidarity
Embody both rights and obligations
Participative and empowering
Respect national and cultural diversity
(Walker, 2002)
Physical Environment
Age friendly
Accessible and affordable public transportation services
Security (Criminal & Hazard etc)
Social Environment
Social Support
Opportunities for education and lifelong learning
Empowerment
Supportive neighbourhood
Protection from violence and abuse
Economic Environment
Although life expectancy has increased dramatically, but the employment opportunity for the elderly is very limited
Income
Social protection
Country, year Malaysia, 2000 Singapore, 2000 Indonesia, 1999 Philippine, 2004 Brunei, Myanmar, 1983 Cambodia, 1998 Vietnam, 1989 Thailand, 2004 Lao People's Dem Rep 45-50 74.2
77.3
80.7
80.7
72.8
62.7
90.5
82.3
89.4
NIL 50-54 67.6
69.1
78.1
NIL 74.6
61.5
88.1
74.6
80.7
55-60 52.2
51.7
70.9
72.6
70.5
60 83.9
62 61-65 42.2
31.7
49.8
NIL 60.2
53 72.4
43.5
39 65+ NIL 17.8
NIL 41.4
38.4
38.4
62.1
18.7
NIL NIL NIL NIL
Estimates and Projections of the economically active population. International Labor Organization http://ww.ilo.org
Technological Environment
Extended life span
Assistive technology
Access to information
Physical fitness, mental health , social well being and independent economic status are necessary to lead active and contented life as age advances ” (Dhar, 2000).
Promotiing of Active and Productive Ageing
Key to active and productive ageing…………
Your health
Population Health Alberta Rose Model
Dignity Engaging With Life Autonomy Promoting Health & Preventing Disease & Injury Participation
Healthy Aging
Optimizing Mental/ Cognitive& Physical Function Security Managing Chronic Conditions Fairness
Health Determinants Population Approach
Source: Alberta’s Health Aging & Seniors Wellness Strategic Framework 2002 2012. (2002). Alberta Health and Wellness & Alberta Seniors, Edmonton, p2
ACTIVE & PRODUCTIVE AGEING
Individual/ Civil Society
Preparation
Social participation
Self help groups
Formal services
A. Temporal & Spatial Context
Temporal context of History & Biography
Gender C. Internal Resources/Disposition of Successful Ageing
Hopefulness Self-Esteem Altruism Coping Disposition Life Satisfaction
Path 4
Spatial context Of demography & community
Path 8 Path3 D. Proactive Adaptation B. Cumulative Stress Exposure Path2a
Traditional Preventive Adaptation Health Promotion Planning Ahead Helping Others Traditional Corrective Adaptation Marshalling Support Environmental Modification Role Substitution Affective States Meaning in Life Long Term Events Recent Events Chronic Illness Social Losses Person-Environment Incongruence
Path 1 Path 2b
Emergent Adaptation Preventive & Corrective Technology Use Health Care Consumerism Self Improvement
Path 7
Financial Resources
Path 6a Path 6a E. External Resources
Social Resources Emergent Resources Access to Technology Access to Healthcare
Path 5
Maintenance of Valued Activities & Relationship
Path 9 Culture
Adapted: Kahana, kahana& Kercher, 2003
Public
Regulatory role
Promotion
Incentives
Facilitate
Policy statement of the National Policy for Older Persons
To create a society of elderly people who are contented and possess a high sense of self worth and dignity , by optimizing their self potential and ensuring that they enjoy every opportunity as well as care and protection of members of their family, society and nation
.
Private Sectors
Be sensitive to changing social need
Corporate responsibility
Continual commitment
Creating conducive environment for employment and services
Types of Social Structures
Age
Age Differentiated Age Integrated LEISURE OLD MIDDLE WORK YOUNG EDUCATION
Source: Riley, 1994
Media Role In Promoting Active & Productive Ageing
Promoting positive image of ageing
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Older people & the ageing process – negative interpretations – through our language, newspapers, films and television screens.
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Older people – dependent, frail, senile or lonely
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Reality – many older people lead active and healthy lives
Media Seminar on Active and Productive Ageing 17-18 December, 2005 Reinassance Hotel, Kota Bharu
CONCLUSION
Ageing needs REBRANDING
Remove barriers to active and productive ageing
Promote active and productive ageing
Change in attitudes
Structural lag Cultural lag Individual aged Legislation
Social protection Partnerships
Role of NGO’s
Media as vehicle for change
The future aged will be us…
What’s your vision of your aged self?
Just because I am an old rambutan tree doesn’t mean I grow old rambutans
For Your Kind Attention