Transcript What is the C-B-S model of communication

What is the C-B-S model of
communication ?
The standard model we use for human
communication is one that is called the
clarity-brevity-sincerity, or “C-B-S”
model
Jargon
• Jargon is the specialised vocabulary of a
profession or of some other activity to which a
group of people dedicate significant parts of
their lives (for instance, hobbies ). Technical
terminology exists in a continuum of
"formality."
Examples of Jargon:
• organoleptic analysis: the act of smelling something
• fused silicate: glass
• distributionally conservative notions: conservative economic
policies
• medical jargon- Bilateral probital hematoma for Black eye
• legal jargon- per se for Iteself
• military jargon- Constant Phoenix for transport aircraft
equipped with devices to detect radioactive “clouds”
• computer/lnternet jargon: FAQ, HTH for Frequently Asked
Questions, Hope This Helps
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medical jargon would be "a.c." which means before meals, as
in taking medication before meals.
Examples (2)
• a police jargon if a police officer would ask
"who reported the crime," he would say
"who's my RP?"
• coitus in med terms, sex in English language
• CPU - Central Processing Unit, another name
for processor
• Data - Information stored on a computer
• Disk - A place to store data.
• Email - Electronic mail.
Examples (3):
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Load - Get data from a disk
Nybble - Half a Byte
Save - Put data on a disk
RAM - Memory, the more the better.
USB - A method to plug computer tools in to a
machine.
• WWW - World Wide Web
Examples (4):
• leapfrog: to surpass your competition : I’m guessing that
KFC will leapfrog Boston Market after the success of their
famous “Bowls Campaign”*
• to ping: to notify : I’ll ping you via email as soon as I know
the status
• shoestring marketer: A self –employed individual who
combs* the internet in search of free and low-cost ways to
run and promote a business on the web
• wet-signature: a signature that is hand-written by a human
as opposed to electronic
• keep in the loop : make sure someone stays informed :
Next time keep the unpaid interns in the loop, after all,
they are doing the bulk of the work
• *to leapfrog: saltare la cavallina
• *to comb: setacciare
Cant /argot
• Cant is an example of an argot or cryptolect, a
characteristic or secret language used only by
members of a group, often used to conceal
the meaning from those outside the group.
• In England, the term “cant” still indicates the
specialized speech of criminals, which, in the
United States, is more often called “argot”
• Cant, also said false or insincere language, also (like argot)
refers to the jargon and slang used by thieves and beggars and
the underworld. Colourful terms and phrases such as mug ( to
mug as “rapinare” and “borseggiare”; “dangerous mug” as
“brutto ceffo”; “mug shot” as “police photograph” o “foto
segnaletica”), payola (mazzetta o bustarella), hooker
(prostituta), and to rub out or to blow away *(to kill) are
examples of cant that eventually became commonly known
to, and adopted as slang by, society in general.
• *to rub: strofinare. To Rub out: cancellare
• *to blow, blew, blown, soffiare. To blow away: portare via
Slang
• Slang is the non-standard use of words in a
language and sometimes the creation of new
words or importation of words from another
language. Slang terms are often particular to a
certain subculture - such as skate boarders,
surfers, musicians of particular types, or drug
users. Slang is sometimes confused with
jargon which is the collection of vocabulary
specific to a profession: medical terminology
for example. "
Definitions:
• The Historical Dictionary of American Slang says that
"Slang is lexical innovation within a particular cultural
context." Sometimes these foreign words and regional
variations become part of the standard language.
• The Historical Dictionary of American Slang points out
that many groups "use slang largely because they lack
political power." It is simply a safe and effective way
that people rebel against the establishment.
• The Columbia Encyclopedia notes that slang is often
"well developed in the speaking vocabularies of
cultured, sophisticated, linguistically rich languages."
Examples:
• What's up? (a way to greet a person or ask about them)
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• mack (a term used to describe a male with plenty of girlfriends) --”magnaccio”
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• I'm mad at that! (a term used to describe disappointment or excitement)
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• Slang: Originally meant abuse
• Have a Cow: The expression "have a cow" is said to have originated in the
1950s. The idea is that certain bits of unexpected or bad news might create
the same agony and pain as literally giving birth to a cow. There is every
chance that the recipient of bad news might "have a cow,"
• Ex: “Mum is going to have a cow!” – “Alla mamma prenderà un accidente!”
• Cool: This popular expression is used to describe something that is very
good.
Ex: “That band is cool!”
Examples(2):
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Chill*: This can mean to calm down, for example, “Chill out, Dude.” It also can
have an "-in" ending added to mean to relax, as in “We’re just chillin at my
house.”
Dude: This is can be used to refer to any person whether they are known by the
speaker or not. Ex. “That dude is stealing my car.” Or “Dude, I’m glad you finally
called.”
What can be the translation into Italian? ______________________
Stinks: When used as a slang term, this means "is bad." For example: “This exam
stinks.”
Trollin: Used to describe a car or cars travelling slower than the flow of
traffic. Example: "This car is really trollin."
Mr. Charley: a white man
Uncle Tom: a meek black person
booze: alcohol
buzz off: go away
john / loo: toilet
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*to chill: raffreddare
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EXAMPLES (3):
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schnozz: nose
grub (larva), gas: food
tart (AGRO) prostitute
makin' whoopee* (ALLEGRIA
RUMOROSA/BALDORIA) : making love –
having fun
• *whoopee: evviva!
COMMUNICATION THEORY
• The CBS formula (clarity, brevity, sincerity) or
the five C's (clear, concise, complete, correct,
coherent) tries to prevent miscommunication.
• But: Clear to whom? Complete from whose
point of view? Correct by whose standards?
Ex:
• Take the word tall for example. We all have
some sense of how big a tall person can be
But how big is a tall child? That changes
depending on the age of the child. How big is
the tall coffee I order in the local coffee bar?
And what about a tall tale?
Sturbucks Tall Coffee
So:
• Thinking of the word tall as corresponding to
the external world in a direct one-to-one way
does not help us to understand the meaning
of “tall”. The meaning of tall depends on the
context in which the word appears. The
meaning of the word is only clear if we also
know the context in which it is used.
Context:
• This happens because context is not a fixed set of
circumstances that exists external to the
communicative situation; rather, context is something
that is constituted, moment to moment, through
communicative interaction. Context thus exists in the
minds of both speaker (or writer) and listener (or
reader) rather than in any external environment.
• All meaning depends on context
Mutual undestanding or rethinking
misunderstanding?
• One of the fascinating aspects of language is that
people can talk to each other at length and never
realize that each of them has a different context for
producing meaning. Television sitcoms take
advantage of this fact to create scenes in which the
humor turns on the fact that the audience knows
that the characters are invoking different contexts for
understanding. We watch and laugh as
misunderstanding unfolds but the characters never
figure it out. A scene from an episode of the TV show
The Addams Family illustrates this point.
• The plot of this episode revolves around finding a
wife for one of the characters. It is arranged that a
potential wife will visit the Addams' home for an
interview. Coincidentally, at the appointed time, the
Avon lady (who is not the potential wife) rings the
doorbell. In the ensuing* conversation, the members
of the Addams family understand everything the
Avon lady says and respond to her in the context of
"potential wife interview," while the Avon lady
understands everything that is said and responds in
the context of "trying to sell Avon products."
• *ensuing: seguente
As a consequence…
• The conversation makes almost perfect sense
in both contexts, and the characters never
become aware that they have different
contexts for understanding. This characteristic
of language explains why we can talk to our
boss, for example, at length about a project
and still find out later that we have not fully
understood what she wanted us to do.
Strategic Talk: does it exist?
• In conversation, shared context can be
achieved using what Richard Heyman (1994)
calls “strategic talk”. Strategic talk involves
using communication strategies that technical
communicators are probably well acquainted
with.
strategic talk
• Heyman identifies several kinds of strategic talk that can
help us to make shared context explicit:
* Formulations
* Paraphrasing
* Questions and answers
* Examples
* Stories
• Formulations and paraphrasing are sentences
in which we describe either what we are
about to say or what we or someone else has
already said. Examples of formulations include
statements such as "I want to talk with you
about a problem" and "So what you are saying
is that you want me to call and cancel the
hotel reservation." This second example is
often described as paraphrasing.
• In the first example, the formulation sets up
the conversation so that what follows will be
heard as a problem. That is, the speaker
establishes a context for understanding what
she says next. In the second example, the
speaker uses the formulation or paraphrasing
to check that what he understood is what the
speaker intended.
• Questions and answers are also an important
strategy for reducing misunderstanding.
• One of the reasons that people do not ask questions
is that they think they have understood what was
said and have no reason to seek clarification.
Speakers must therefore take the responsibility to
ask questions too, to find out whether listeners have
in fact understood them as they intended and to
make opportunities for repairing misunderstanding.
Examples and stories
• Examples and stories are another form of strategic
talk. Examples and stories are ways to make what
you say--and to encourage others to make what they
say--more specific and concrete. A request for an
example will produce a description or a story about a
specific situation that can often clarify a point more
than further general talk. Examples and stories are
ways to share our understandings of people, places,
and events and to check that others have the same
understandings.
The KISS principle
• The KISS principle. KISS is originally an
acronym for "Keep it Short and Simple", some
also use the more popular term "Keep it
Simple, Stupid". KISS states that simplicity
should be a key goal and that unnecessary
complexity should be avoided.
Richard Bandler and John Grindler’s
'meta-model'
• Modelling is an important tool in linguistics.
But for a map or a model to be useful it must
generalize, distort and delete what is real.
According to Bandler and Grinder this is the
central way humans perceive, interpret and
so communicate. According to a meta-model
every surface structure has a more complete
deep structure. In this sense the main
function of the Meta model is to bring to the
surface what is hidden
Meta-model:
• Language is our most fundamental modelmaking tool - the symbolic representation of
experience. In building up their personalised
models of the world, people use three basic
processes - generalisation, deletion and
distortion
Language also uses the processes of:
• Generalisation - inferring from the particular to
the general; assuming one example stands for all
others of its class. Sometimes generalizations
lead to false assumptions.
• Deletion - oversimplifying; omitting important
specific details. Deletions lead to 'blind spots'.
• Distortion - changing what is real into what we
wish was real. Distortions lead to
misrepresentations, misunderstandings and
fantasies.
NLP modelling :
• involves finding out about how the brain
("Neuro") is operating, by analyzing language
patterns ("Linguistic") and non-verbal
communication. The results of this analysis
are then put into step-by-step strategies or
programs ("Programming") that may be used
to transfer the skill to other people and
content areas.
Neuro Linguistic Programming
Neuro
Nervous system through
which experience is
received and processed
through the five senses.
Linguistic
Language and nonverbal
communication systems
through which neural
representations are coded,
ordered, and given meaning.
“…the study of
the structure of
subjective
experience.”
Programming
The ability to organize our
communication and
neurological systems to
achieve specific desired
goals and results.
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Deep Structure and Surface Structure
• NLP draws many of its principles and
distinctions from the field of transformational
grammar (Chomsky 1957, 1965) as a means to
create models of people's verbal behavior.
One of the essential principles of
transformational grammar is that tangible
behaviors, expressions, and reactions are
'surface structures' which are the result of
bringing 'deeper structures' into reality.
Deep Structure and Surface Structure
in language:
• In language, for example, these processes
occur during the translation of deep
structures (the mental images, sounds,
feelings and other sensory representations
that are stored in our nervous systems) to
surface structure (the words, signs and
symbols we choose to describe or represent
our primary sensory experience.
Culture tells us about important
dimensions of difference between people
• The reason intercultural communication is increasing as a field
of interest is that it touches on very significant dimensions of
difference between people. People do think differently about
time, about authority, about organisation etc. Discussing
culture allows us to focus on important areas of diversity and
deal with potential or actual problems.
• Ex: It is a common belief that US companies tend to focus on
short-term profit and that Japanese companies may focus on
more long-term return on investment in order to achieve
market position. Regardless of whether this stereotype is
accurate or not, it identifies an important cultural preference,
which you may need to consider when communicating
direction (goals) in international business
Multiculturalism or interculturalism?
• Multiculturalism is a body of thought in political
philosophy about the proper way to respond to
cultural and religious diversity
• BUT While multiculturalism has been used as an
umbrella term to characterize the moral and political
claims of a wide range of disadvantaged groups,
including African Americans, women, gays and
lesbians, and the disabled, most theorists of
multiculturalism tend to focus their arguments on
immigrants who are ethnic and religious minorities
MULTICULTURALISM 2
• Multiculturalists take for granted that it is “culture”
and “cultural groups” that are to be recognized and
accommodated. Yet multicultural claims include a
wide range of claims involving religion, language,
ethnicity, nationality, and race. Culture is a
notoriously overbroad concept, and language and
religion are at the heart of many claims for cultural
accommodation by immigrants.
CRITIQUE OF MULTICULTURALISM
• Some critics contend that the multicultural argument
for the preservation of cultures is premised on a
problematic view of culture and of the individual's
relationship to culture. Cultures are not distinct, selfcontained wholes; they have long interacted and
influenced one another through war, imperialism,
trade, and migration. People in many parts of the
world live within cultures that are already
cosmopolitan, characterized by cultural hybridity.
Interculturalism
• Interculturalism is being able to communicate with,
collaborate with, and befriend people across
multiple cultures.
• The prefix inter – refers to “the meeting of two
languages across the political boundaries of nation –
states” and “a process of communication between
people from different ethnic, social cultures within
the boundaries of the same national languages”.
interculture
• Interculture" has become an umbrella-term used to
define a vast range of initiatives, all differing in their
motivations, intentions and results. There is now an
established rhetoric of interculture, which is used in
many projects that define themselves as
intercultural, but too often use the terminology
automatically and uncritically. Nonetheless, there are
several projects that in fact increase understanding
and communication between different cultures, and
improve exchanges between local communities, even
if they are not labelled intercultural and are not
traditionally involved in dealing with immigration and
integration issues.