Transcript EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENTS FOR SERIOUS ANTISOCIAL …

NO PLACE FOR KIDS
JUVENILE DETENTION ALTERNATIVES INITIATIVE (JDAI)
June 27, 2013
The Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative was
developed to help juvenile justice systems make the best
possible decisions about how they use juvenile detention.
JDAI
Objectives
JDAI
Objectives
•
To eliminate unnecessary detention and protect public safety by
ensuring that detention is used to hold kids who are dangerous, not
kids who are just frustrating
•
To reduce racial and ethnic disparities
•
To create community-based detention alternatives for youth who need
more than home detention to stay out of trouble and get to court while
their cases are being processed
•
To improve conditions inside detention
JDAI is now being implemented in approximately 200 sites, located in
39 states and the District of Columbia.
ME
WA
MT
MN
OR
SD
ID
PA
WY
CA
NY
WI
NE
IA
IL
NV
KS
OH
IN
VA
MO
KY
TN
HI
AZ
NM
AK
MS
AL
GA
TX
LA
FL
Model Sites
County Sites
State Sites
NH
MA
RI
NJ
DE
MD
DC
Across JDAI grantees, the average daily population in detention
centers has decreased by 42%.
Change in Average Daily Population (ADP) by Grantee
Baseline vs. 2010
N=33 grantees, comprising 86 sites (Grantees shown in ascending order by percentage change in ADP)
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
-20%
-40%
-60%
-80%
-100%
2,403 fewer youth are being held in secure detention
as compared to grantees’ baseline years
These declines have come without sacrificing public safety: JDAI sites
report reductions in all four juvenile crime indicators.
Aggregate Reductions in Juvenile Crime Indicator Type
Baseline vs. 2010
N=77 sites
50,000
45,000
45,278
40,673
38,774
40,000
34,608
35,000
30,000
26,231
28,761
28,504
25,000
17,122
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
-
Juvenile Intake Cases (16
sites)
Juvenile Arrests (16 sites)
• 40% fewer Delinquency Petitions
• 24% fewer Felony Petitions Filed
Delinquency Petitions (9
sites)
Felony Petitions (36 sites)
• 36% fewer Juvenile Intake Cases
• 26% fewer Juvenile Arrests
Every JDAI site looks different, but each one shares the same eight
JDAI looks different in every jurisdiction, but all JDAI sites
core strategies.
use the same eight core strategies.
Collaboration
Data-Driven Decision-Making
Objective Admissions
Alternatives to Detention
Case Processing Innovations
Intentional Focus on Reducing Racial/Ethnic Disparities
Special Strategies for Special Populations:
VOPs, court orders/PUOs, awaiting placement
Improving Conditions of Confinement
Bernalillo County,
New Mexico
When budget pressure
forced the closure of a
detention mod…
…JDAI allowed the
system to retain staff and
reinvest $200,000 per
year in highly successful
detention alternatives
used for youth with very
serious charges
In Multnomah County,
Oregon, JDAI has allowed
the county to divert about
$2 million per year to
alternatives and other
services.
In Pierce County,
Washington, JDAI
allowed the county to
redeploy $800,000 to
support new
community-based
detention alternatives.
Basic Models of Detention Alternatives
JDAI “is not an attempt to get around the public safety, to take people who
ought to be incarcerated and happen to be juveniles and put them on the
street. . . . Cops need to have alternatives. There has to be something more
than just incarceration or let them go."
-- Police Captain Kevin Mayhew, Tucson (AZ)
Basic Models of DetentionBasic
Alternatives
Modelsinclude…..
of Detention Alternatives
Home Detention:
Youth is at home or
with relatives, with
frequent, random,
unannounced, faceto-face visits &
telephone contacts.
Shelter Care/Respite
Electronic Monitoring
Evening Reporting Center
Trackers/Community Coaches
Wrap-Around Services
HOME DETENTION
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BasicBasic
Models
of Detention
Alternatives
include…..
Models
of Detention
Alternatives
Assess family &
monitor in home
activities. Some
services will monitor
school conduct &
performance.
Shelter Care/Respite
Electronic Monitoring
Evening Reporting Center
Trackers/Community Coaches
WRAP-AROUND SERVICES
Home Detention
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Basic Models of Detention
Alternatives
Basic
Models ofinclude…..
Detention Alternatives
Follows youth to &
from school & keeps
tabs on youth during
the day.
Shelter Care/Respite
Electronic Monitoring
Evening Reporting Center
TRACKERS/COMMUNITY COACHES
Wrap-Around Services
Home Detention
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Basic Models of Detention
Alternatives
Basic
Models ofinclude…..
Detention Alternatives
Electronic
surveillance using
landline telephone
to monitor
compliance of home
detention.
Shelter Care/Respite
ELECTRONIC MONITORING
Evening Reporting Centers
Trackers/Community Coaches
Wrap-Around Services
Home Detention
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Basic Models of Detention
Alternatives
Basic
Models ofinclude…..
Detention Alternatives
Residential care in a
non-jail setting for
youth with domestic
issues or issues of
abuse and neglect.
SHELTER
CARE/RESPITE
Evening Reporting Centers
Electronic Monitoring
Trackers/Community Coaches
Wrap-Around Services
Home Detention
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Florida Context
Within Florida, JDAI is part of a three-prong juvenile justice reform
strategy focusing on diversion, detention reform, and the deep end.
•
Diversion – to prevent unnecessary system involvement and
provide front-end services when appropriate, with a particular focus
on civil citation
•
Detention – to prevent unnecessary and inappropriate exposure to
detention facilities and leverage resources to develop more effective
forms of supervision
•
Deep End – to prevent unnecessary incarceration in residential
facilities and shift resources to community-based sanctions,
supervision, and services
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In Florida and throughout the country, juvenile crime is lower than it
has been in decades.
FLORIDA DELINQUENCY REFERRAL RATE
(REFERRALS PER 100K IN FL POPULATION AGED 10-17),
FY1996-97 TO FY2011-12
NATIONAL JUVENILE ARREST RATE
(ARRESTS PER 100K IN U.S. POPULATION AGED 0-17),
1996 TO 2011
Over the last 15
years, Florida’s
juvenile referral rate
and the national
juvenile arrest rate
both fell by about
50%.
Last year,
delinquency in Florida
hit a 25-year low.
In 2011-12, there
were only 96,515
referrals to DJJ, fewer
than any year since
1985-86.
Sources: Florida DJJ Delinquency Profile; Easy Access to FBI Arrest Statistics (http://ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezaucr/); Bureau of Justice Statistics: Arrest Data Analysis Tool
(http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=datool&surl=/arrests/index.cfm); Easy Access to Juvenile Populations (http://ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezapop/).
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CHANGES IN AVERAGE DAILY DETENTION POPULATION
113
106
96 92
85
92
95
77 76
80
52
41
Broward (C17)
Duval (C4)
Hillsborough (C13) Palm Beach (C15)
Detention
populations and
felony referrals
are down in all
four of Florida’s
JDAI sites.
CHANGES IN FELONY REFERRALS
3,790
3,429
3,018
2,456
2,422
1,681
1,431
3,289
Pre-JDAI: FY08-FY09
2,259
FY10-FY11
2,631
1,607
Broward (C17)
Duval (C4)
1,709
Hillsborough (C13) Palm Beach (C15)
FY11-FY12
ADP RELATIVE TO FELONY REFERRALS
(# OF YOUTH IN ADP FOR EVERY 1,000 FELONY
REFERRALS)
Although ADP is down
across all four sites,
only Palm Beach/C15
has reduced the use of
detention relative to the
number of felony
referrals.
64
53
These rates suggest
that lower detention
populations in C4, C13,
and C17 are due to
reduced referrals, not to
detention reform.
46
35
30
28 29
28
29
31
30
24
Pre-JDAI: FY08-FY09
FY10-FY11
Broward (C17)
Duval (C4)
Hillsborough (C13)
Palm Beach (C15)
FY11-FY12
In Palm Beach, initial reductions in the detention population may have
been a reaction to the tragic death of a child in custody.
AVERAGE DAILY POPULATION IN PALM BEACH JUVENILE DETENTION
CENTER, JUNE 2011 TO MAY 2013
74
52.2
47.8
26
Feb-13
Aug-12
Jul-12
Jun-12
May-12
Apr-12
Mar-12
Feb-12
Jan-12
Dec-11
Nov-11
Oct-11
Sep-11
Aug-11
Jul-11
Jun-11
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33.5
23.2
Death of Eric Perez
(July 2011)
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May-13
29.9
Apr-13
30.7
Mar-13
33.3
36.2
Jan-13
39
Dec-12
38
38
39
38.7
Nov-12
38
40.1 39.7
41.47
Oct-12
38.5
41.2
Sep-12
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While the other sites have reduced the number of youth of color in
detention by up to 38%, Broward has more youth in color in detention
than prior to JDAI.
ADP – YOUTH OF COLOR
78 80
80
•
Broward: up by 2%
•
Duval: down by 21%
•
Hillsborough: down by
18%
•
Palm Beach: down by
38%
72
63
59
55
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Pre-JDAI: FY08-FY09
FY11-FY12
Broward (C17)
Duval (C4)
Hillsborough (C13) Palm Beach (C15)
Special Challenges for JDAI in Florida
JDAI can and will succeed in Florida, but stakeholders will need to
deal directly with some unique challenges.
1.
The DRAI
•
•
•
•
•
•
2.
statewide application, despite significant differences between jurisdictions in
programmatic resources and case processing times
unchanged in almost 20 years
politicized by statute
applied without discretion at intake
screening instrument used beyond intended context
because HD is unsupervised, DRAI effectively sorts youth into two categories:
release and detain
Cost Share
•
•
•
Impact on incentives
County take-over
Litigation
3.
Highly centralized juvenile justice system
4.
Impact of Direct File statute on pleas/waivers in juvenile court
5.
Privatization
The DRAI
with s. 985.211
Section III. RISK ASSESSMENT
A. Most serious current offense
1.
All capital, life, and first degree felony PBL
15
0
2.
All other first degree felonies, vehicular homicide, violent second degree felonies, youth is wanted by another jurisdiction for a felony
offense
12
0
Second degree felony drug charges, escape or absconding, any third degree felony involving the use or possession of a firearm,
burglary of an occupied residential structure, or possession of a firearm or concealed weapon by a youth previously adjudicated or
with adjudication withheld for a crime that would be a felony if committed by an adult
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3.
B.
C.
D.
E.
DRAI SCORING
A. MSO (current)
0
4.
Violent third degree felonies
9
0
5.
All other second degree felonies (except dealing stolen property)
8
0
6.
Dealing in stolen property, other third degree felonies that qualify for detention in s. 985.215(2)(g)
(See factor #5 above)
7
0
B. Other
current/pending
C. Prior History
D. Legal Status
Other current offenses and pending charges (separate, non-related events)
1.
Each felony
Points Per Felony 2 #
0
2.
Each misdemeanor
Points Per Misdemeanor 1 #
0
3.
Prior felony arrest within last 7 days
6
0
Prior History
1.
3 felony adjudications or adjudications withheld last 12 months, or
4
0
2.
2 felony adjudications or adjudications withheld last 12 months, or
2
0
3.
1 felony adjudication or adjudication withheld or misdemeanor adjudications or adjudications withheld
1
0
E. Aggravating/Mit
igating
F. Mandatory
Aggravation for
Illegal Firearm
Legal Status
1.
Committed or detention
8
0
2.
Active probation cases with last adjudication or adjudication withheld within 90 days
6
0
3.
Active probation cases with last adjudication or adjudication withheld more than 90 days ago
2
0
DRAI SCALE
0-6 = Release
Aggravating or Mitigating Circumstances
1.
Aggravating factors (add to score)
1-3
2.
Mitigating factors (subtract from score)
1-3
7-11 = HD
12 and up = SD
The juvenile probation officer must fully document the reason for scoring aggravating or mitigating points.
F.
Mandatory Aggravating Circumstance: Illegal possession of a firearm.
G.
Detain/Release Decision
3
0
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Direct File
Despite decades of evidence that public safety is compromised when youth
are tried as adults, Florida law sends thousands of youth to the adult system.
Over the past 20 years, countless studies have compared youth with similar charges and
backgrounds to search for proof of the supposed “deterrent effect” of trying youth as adults.
Researchers have yet to find any evidence of a deterrent effect. Instead, studies have
consistently found that youth tried in the adult system are significantly more likely to break the
law than similar youth retained in the juvenile justice system – e.g.:

Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. (2007) Effects on Violence on Laws & Policies Facilitating the Transfer of Youth from
the Juvenile to the Adult Justice System: A Report on Recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services.
MMWR 2007; 56 (No. RR-9)

Richard E. Redding, Juvenile transfer laws: An effective deterrent to delinquency? (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of
Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention) (June 2010)

Lanza-Kaduce, L., Frazier, C., Lane, J., & Bishop, D., Juvenile Transfer to Adult Court Study: Final Report (2002)
“The strong consistency in results across the studies is all the more compelling given that they
used different samples and methodologies, thereby providing a degree of convergent validity
for the findings. All of the studies found higher recidivism rates among offenders who had
been transferred to criminal court, compared with those who were retained in the juvenile
system.” – R. Redding, Juvenile Transfer Laws (2010)
Privatization
One of the first references to the “schoolhouse to jailhouse” pipeline appeared in a
Florida investment briefing prepared for corporations poised to capitalize on “the
rapidly expanding at-risk youth population.”
In the late 1990s, only one jurisdiction provided the juvenile justice
industry with as many “growth opportunities” as Florida…..
Source: SunTrust Equitable Securities, Discussion Materials Regarding: Youth Services/Corrections Industry.
Contact Information
Danielle J. Lipow
Senior Associate, Annie E. Casey Foundation
Technical Assistance Team Leader, Florida JDAI
[email protected]
(410) 547-3672 (ofc)
(334) 324-5157 (cell)
Yumari Martinez
Consultant, Annie E. Casey Foundation
Technical Assistance Team Leader, Florida JDAI
[email protected]
Colleene Scott
Florida JDAI State Coordinator
Florida Department of Juvenile Justice
[email protected]
(850) 210-2621
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