Transcript Chapter 8

An Introduction to Human Geography
The Cultural Landscape, 8e
James M. Rubenstein
Chapter 8
Political
Geography
PPT by Abe Goldman
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United Nations Members List 2015 below
http://www.un.org/en/members/
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UN increased from 51 members in 1945 to 191 in 2003
K-1: Problems in Defining States & Develop. of
State Concept
A State (country):
1. area w/ organized polit. unit
2. ruled by establ. gov’t.
3. has defined territory
4. handles internal & foreign affairs/issues
5. defined population
6. has sovereignty (independ. from other states;
self-rule)
-NOT “state” like USA’s states (which are really
more like provinces)
-only large land mass on world that is NOT part of a
state is Antarctica….but parts are claimed (some
over-lapping)
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FYI: Why USA uses states term “states”
Note: In very beginning, the USA started out to be
like Europe — “states” in a loose “union” and use
the Articles of Confederation instead of the
Constitution
But a “confederation” is too loose to have good
connection and function, as later the Confederacy
in the 1860’s (Confederate States of America) found
out
So they regrouped, re--voted, and came up w/ the
Constitution, which gave more power to the
federal (Washington, DC) govt.
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Antarctica:
National
Claims
Antarctica
is the only
large
landmass
that is not
part of a state,
but several
countries
claim
portions
of it—just
in case it
becomes
valuable…
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Defining states:
Korea: 1 or 2 states? controlled by Japan till 1945
(WWII) then split by US & Soviets (38th N. parallel)
(1nation or nationality BUT states)
--’50: N. invaded S.; Korean War…both want
unification…BUT…
NK wanted Commun., SK wanted Democracy
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China/Taiwan: 1 or 2?
1940’s:
Communists rebel & drive
Nationalists to Taiwan (‘49)
…who said were still “real”
gov’t of China…Comm. said
they were, but both said all 1
China
-1999 Taiwan said is separate
state…Com-Chi still no
-US had supported Nationalists,
but in ’71 said we recognize
Com-Chi na as “real” gov’t in
the UN (R. Nixon)
--Western Sahara is same
type situation
China (People’s
Republic of China)
vs. Taiwan (Nationalist
Chinese)
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Varying Sizes of states:
Russia is the Largest state:
17.1 million Sq km/6.6 mil sq mi
2nd = Canada 3rd = China 4th = USA
Microstates: smallest Monaco = 1.5 sq km/.6 sq mi list: 251
Development of State Concept: Ancient vs. Modern idea:
Ancient: idea of states began in Mid-East in Fertile Cresc.
-1st states = city-states: town + surrounding countryside
= for gov’t & defense (like GWD city + GWD county)
Then 1 gains power, takes over another…then became an
empire
EX: Succession of empires in Mesopotamia.:
Sumarians..then Assyrians..then Babylonians..then
Persians
Then Egyptian Empire in Southern area (3000 BCE- 4th cent.
BCE) at far W. end of Fertile Crescent, along the Nile
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River (for almost 2500 yrs!) 5000 yrs ago
Fertile Crescent: Site of early city-states & a succession of
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ancient empires.
Early European states:
The height of political unity in the ancient
world was the Roman Empire
ROME included Europe…& into Asia & Africa:
from Spain to Iran & Egypt to England
-had 38 provinces, all used Roman law,
sharing the concept of government
Rome fell in 5th (400’s) CE from attacks from
“barbarians” & also from internal
problems/disputes
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In Europe former Rome-controlled
areas began to form under
dukes, earls, barons, etc.;
gained strength & about 1100,
began to form larger areas that
became Fr., Engl., & Spain
-later led to idea of nationstates, (like Denmark)
--Germ. & Ital. stayed in pieces &
did not form unified country
until 19th century…
Colonies: area legally tied to
another sov. state; not
independence
Colonialism: technically is
taking over uninhabited or
sparsely inhabited lands
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European colonialism:
Was based on 3 main reasons (God, gold, glory):
1. Missionaries were used to promote Christianity &
give justification for taking over (p. 252) (God)
2. Gain resources to help the European “mother”
country (gold)
3. # of colonies was related to how powerful you were
(glory)
Began in 1400’s in W. Hemisphere & then later in Afr. &
Asia
“Imperialism”, or empire building: taking over widely
inhabited land by another country (EX: India)
Technically, “colonies” or “colonialism” refers to
taking over land not all that widely inhabited
EX: much of the “New World”—aka the Americas
After 1500’s UK put together largest empire:
Famous QUOTE:
“The sun never sets on British Empire.”
What does this mean?
With breakaway of USA, British began to lose
places… though they took others in Africa & Asia
after USA formed
Europe had large areas of colonies there, but also
islands
Difference between the French & British Way of
controlling colonies:
-France tried to make the colonials = French, but
Brits allowed them to keep more diversity…their
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old ways
End of Euro. Imperialism:
African & Asian colonies broke away after WWII…began
in late 1940’s, lots during 1950’s thru 60’s
(Dates for WWII: 1939 – 1945),
When U.N. was established in 1945, then were only 15
African/Asian countries…now there are over 105 (2000)
Most colonies today are islands in Pacific or
Caribbean
Most populous colony today is Puerto Rico (USA)
Least populous: Pitcairn Isl., S. Pacific. The pop. there
came from British ship The Bounty’s mutineers who
settled
(There is a book & movie: Mutiny on the Bounty
and no, we won’t watch it….  )
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Colonial Possessions 1914: By the outbreak of WWI,
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European states held colonies thru the world, espec.
in Africa & in much of Asia.
Colonial Possessions, 2003 (p. 254-5 = 2000)
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Most remaining colonies are small islands in Pacific or Caribbean
K-2 Why boundaries Cause problems:
Boundaries: invisible line marking extent of state
territory
Used to be that almost all boundaries were frontiers,
with few if any inhabitants, but now most all land
is claimed & defined.
Only Antarctica & parts of the Arabian Peninsula
are now true frontiers
2 ways to define (determine) boundaries:
1) 3 types of Physical features:
rivers + seas (water)
deserts
mtns.
2) 4 types of Cultural features to determine:
language
religion
ethnicities
geometric
(often latitude & longitude lines)
Both of these can = conflict w/ neighbors
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After WWI, The Treaty of Versailles states used “language”
as the #1 way to determine boundaries of new states &
to adjust borders of existing states:
The
US &
Mexico
used
which 3
methods
to
determine
the
border?
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5 basic SHAPES of states:
Compact, prorupted, elongated, fragmented, perforated
1. Compact: efficient; ideal = shaped like circle…or close
-good for small 1’s b/c communication, esp. if capital in
center
2. Prorupted: most compact + large projecting extens. (often
for water)
--also can do to avoid borders (Afgh. w/ Russia?)
3. Elongated: isolation? EX: Chile; problems w/ communic.
--cap. usually at center, so end, not easily accessible to it
4. Fragmented: broken up by water, other states, etc
--EX: Indonesia; E/W Pakistan?
-problems = communication, integration of pop.; also
sometimes "pieces" didn't come in voluntarily
-EX: E. Timor…got indep.('75); Indon. invades; still fight
5. Perforated: EX: S. Afr.: Lesotho in middle, surrounded by
S. Afr….depends on SA for imports/exports by ship
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Next slide: ID each of the shapes for the states shown 
Chile, Poland, Indonesia, S. Africa: Can it be 2+ ?
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Italy, France, Thailand, Japan (See the dominant shape)
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Landlocked: again,
Lesotho; (also Uruguay)
Africa has most of any
continent w/ 15/56
landlocked
(includes S.Sudan)
These have no seaports
Comes from colonial
era…had others on coast
could ship to by rail
Now it’s problem for the
local economies
...When landlocked AND
have hostile ethnic
group(s) in between. sea
& borders is a Major
problem for
international trade
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African
States
Southern,
central, &
eastern
Africa
include
states
that are
compact,
elongated,
prorupted,
fragmented
&
perforated.
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NEW African
country of
South Sudan!
Darfur is the
troubled region
with examples
of
genocide/ethnic
cleansing:
Arabs Africans
attacking black
Africans (mainly
Christians)
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India:
The Tin
Bigha
Corridor
fragmented
2 sections
of the
country of
Bangladesh.
When it was
leased to
Bangladesh,
a section of
India was
fragmented.
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Frontiers
in the
Arabian
Peninsula:
Several
states in
the Arabian
Peninsula
are
separated
by frontiers
rather than
precise
boundaries.
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Aozou
Strip:
A
Geometric
Boundary
The straight boundary between Libya & Chad was drawn by
European powers, & the strip is the subject of controversy
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between the two countries.
WHY BOUNDARIES CAUSE PROBLEMS (p. 261)
State w/ many nationalities: Cyprus: 2 nationalities
*After WW I, was divided by languages into Greek &
Turk areas…were more Greeks there, but is closer to
Turkey THEN… Britain gained it
* Brit. gave independence In 1960;
*Gks/Tur shared govt…til ’74 when some Gks tried to
take it for Greece, then Turkey invaded to protect for
Turks
*The 2 groups used to associate w/ each other & mingle,
but now isolated at ends, w/ bufferzone in middle w/
UN soldiers
(Are called “Greek Cypriots” & “Turkish Cypriots”)
Turks declared independence, but no one recognizes
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this except them
NOTE: Greece w/ Turkey & Island of Cyprus
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Division of Cyprus
Think it kinda
looks like a
horseshoe
crab??!
Cyprus
has been
divided
into Greek
& Turkish
portions
since
1974.
(Ppl called
Cypriots)
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Former USSR: (262) Largest multi-national state: former
members now = 15 new indep. states, in 5 groups
1- Baltic States (3-on Baltic Sea): Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
2-European (3): Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine (in Ukr. some
problems w/ Crimean Peninsula’s pop.)
3-Central Asian (5): Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, & Uzbekistan
4-Caucasus (Cauc. Mtns., Eurasian border--3): Azerbaijan,
Armenia, & Georgia
-Azeris: pop. = 90% of Azerb.…but 6 mill. live in Iran
-Armenia = Christian enclave; historically slaughtered by
Muslim Turks; after USSR, became Armenia again
-90% of country = Armenians; fight w/ Azeris over border
lands in which both nationalities exist--Georgia: more
diverse than Azer. & Arme. = problems
5-Russia: now largest multi-natl. state; recognize 39 natls.
-1 of these is Chechnya …these = Sunni Muslims w/
distinct culture; Russ. says if it goes, others will also 32
## Notes on enclave & exclave (see next slide):
These are not in your book… but have appeared
on AP’s…
1) enclave: an area surrounded by an area that
does not rule (control, ID w/ ) it.
EX’s: Vatican City; Lesotho; Gambia (actually
a penne-enclave b/c it has a small outlet to the
sea):
2) exclaves: parts of a national territory
separated from the main body of the country
EX’s: Alaska; Kaliningrad (part of Russia but on
Baltic Sea); former E. Pakistan, separated from
W. Pakistan
--is a kind of fragmentation
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Exclaves:
*Kalingrad on Baltic
*Old E & W Pakistan
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Enclaves
(Gambia = actually a penne
enclave b/c it
opens to the sea)
Lesotho in S. Afr.
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Eastern Europe “satellites” (controlled by USSR) &
Former USSR (another needed term!!!)
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Some have 1 nationality in more than 1 state:
Kurds: Sunni Muslims; in 1920’s became nationstate
-now 25 mill. split among 6 countries: Turkey (15), Iran
(5), Iraq (4), & less in Azerbai. Armenia, & Syria
--Kurds are a “stateless nation”
--Turks don’t allow their lang. or culture; other prob.
also
Pan-Arab Nation: 1 nation, many states; lang. & relig.
same for about 24 countries: Islam & Arabic
-main reason split up is Euro. colonialism & Ottoman
rule
--except for Israel, are well-united, but wealth not
equal b/c some have oil (petroleum), others don’t
-p. 267: What happened from 1980-1991 that
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ended unity?
Stateless Nations:
Nation:
Scotland
Tibet
Kurdistan
Basque
Catalonia
Kashmir
N. Ireland
(aka Ulster)
Palestine
Western Sahara
Taiwan
Greenland
Sicily
Maori
Puerto Rico
Hawaii
Part of which state(s)?
Region/Location
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Kurdish nation …
& the “Pan-Arab”
nation
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Kurdish distribution:
Label ALL & indicate areas by color
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MidEast
(aka
__?__
Asia)
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The main
trouble
spot for
the
Middle
East
(SW
Asia)
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So many of the Caucasus Nationalities b/c of … ?
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Unitary vs. Federal: Internal organization of states
Unitary state:
Power in hands of 1 central govt.
-unitary usually best for country w/ single nationality,
like Europeans
-but many w/ multi-national use unitary to force 1
nation’s culture, lang., etc., onto another
EX: USSR & Chinese Comm., to promote communist
ideas
Also--several African nations w/ many divided
ethnicities & 1 dominates to hold it all together
Characteristics that tend to work for Unitary system:
--smaller size, good central or accessible location for
capital (for good communication);
--nation-states w/ few cultural differences, strong
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national unity (like many of European states)
Federal system:
Gov’t in which a written constitution divides the powers of
gov’t between a central (national) gov’t & several
regional governments, usually called states or provinces
Local units of govt. are stronger than in unitary system
–works well for a) larger countries that may b) have long
distance for some to capital (US, Can., India)
Also when have several nationalities, or c) ethnic regions,
local control helps keep peace w/ less influential grps.
EX: Even though small, Belgium is Fed. b/c of its 2
nationalities (??)
--many now moving toward federal from unitary, like
France & Poland
-France’s change is going fine, but E. Europeans, like
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Poland, tend to have more trouble w/ changes
Unitary vs. Federal states
(countries)
Blue = Unitary
Green = Federal
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The Heartland vs. Rimland Theory of Geopolitics:

**Get a few notes on this…not in bk.
Basically stated: Whoever rules Eastern Europe
commands the heartland.
- Whoever rules the heartland commands the World
Island (Eurasia and Africa)
- Whoever rules the World Island commands the World.
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Heartland (H. MacKinder) vs. Rimland (N. Spykman) Theory of
Geopolitics: Bit of it HAS shown up on AP!!
1904, Halford Mackinder published a theory RE: political strength in
Eurasia…analyzed the strengths & weaknesses of the regions
Concluded the Russian Core & areas east of the core had potential to
become a world power.
1919: revised his theory to include E. Europe & the theory became
known as Mackinder's Heartland Theory.
Basically stated:
- Who rules East Europe commands the heartland.
- Who rules heartland commands the World Island (Eurasia & Africa)
- Who rules the World Island commands the World.
1942, Nicholas Spykman: countered Mackinder's Heartland Theory.
Spykman stated that Eurasia's Rimland, the coastal areas or buffer
zone, is the key to controlling the World Island, not the heartland.
Spykman's book, "America's Strategy in World Politics" was published
during World War II dealt w/ political & military strength of the USA at
that time.
Today we look at the Rimland in terms of its economic strength &
potential, but the book dealt w/ primarily military intervention,
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control & conquest of the Old World.
ODD shapes:
Gerrymandering:
FL & GA
Gerrymandering:
designing borders
to maximize political
influence
State legislature
boundaries
were drawn
to maximize
the number of
legislators for
Republicans in
Florida &
Democrats in
Georgia.
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K-3: Why States Cooperate w/ each other States
The UN : began '45 w/ 49…now has 192 (191); job =
peace
(It is WHAT kind or organization???)
-- Taiwan only populous w/o membership…Taiwan
pulled out when China in came in (1971)
-recently tried to join as Taiwan or Repub. of Ch., but
Communist China (People’s Republic of China)
Switzerland finally joined 2002… (had kept neutral)
--all countries supposed to contribute military support
UN had rapid growth 3 times:
1) '55 (16): many former German controlled Euro. nations
2) '60: (17): most former Euro. colonies
3) -'90-93 (26): most former Comm. controlled countries
US tried to start League of Nations (Wilson, 1919) after
WWI, but US would not join
Then Germany, Italy, USSR, & Japan pulled out 52
in '30's, & League of Nations fell apart
**Supranationalism:
(not in yr bk…but KNOW!)
When 3 or more states join together for the common
good
Can be military, econ., political, or cultural
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UN Security Council’s original 5 permanent
members: (2 change out, so there are 7 total)
USA USSR (now Russia) France China UK
These 5 have veto power & often used to keep UN
out of situations they were in
EX: B/c of S/N Korea in ‘50's: Soviets walked out
--often UN tries to keep control over warring ethnic
groups in places like Somalia, Bosnia
Tried to be neutral in Bosnia, but couldn't b/c of
Serbs’ (Christian & stronger) treatment of
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Muslims’ weaker group
** Devolution: Sorta’ the opposite of
supranationalism:
A country breaking apart b/c of conflicting
nationalities, etc.
What are some Ex’s U know??
Regional military organizations (p. 270):
B4 Cold War in '40's-70's, there were always more than
2 Superpowers but US & USSR came out as only 2
after WWII b/c others economically hit hard
--2 superpowers joined military alliances to keep
balance of power…so you were either "for" US or for
USSR (p. 270)
-others became allies or satellites, & could cause
trouble
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Military cooperation in Euro:
Most of Eur. joined NATO after WWII
--military coop betwn. 16 democratic states: US,
Canada, & 14 Europ (Fr. & Sp. members but
contrib. no troops)
Warsaw Pact: 1955, Comm.--7 member coop group
-’68 Czech. leader wanted reforms; Warsaw Pact
invaded
-NATO to keep USSR’s Warsaw P. straight & viceversa
-when USSR busted, less need…Warsaw broke
up
-NATO troops reduced; some former W-P countries
join NATO by ’97
OAS: 35 states in W. Hemisphere: Cuba was
member, but thrown out in ’62 b/c of Castro
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The European Union & NATO
Fig. 8-12: NATO and the European Union have expanded and accepted new 56
members as the Warsaw Pact and COMECON have disintegrated.
European
Boundary
Changes
20th century
boundary
changes in
Europe, 1914
to 2003.
Germany’s
boundaries
changed
after each
world war &
the collapse
of the USSR.
57
Economic Cooperation (274).:
EU (?): work toward econ. coop w/ Eur countries
(1958)
At 1st = Eur Econ Community, Common Mkt., & Eur.
Commun. began w/ Belgium, Fr., W.Germ., Italy,
Luxem., & Nether.; ’73 more…’81 more; ’86, ’95
3 EU capital cities:
Strasbourg, Fr; Brussels, Belg.; Luxembourg
Now have a European Parlia.; at 1st just helped w/
problems
--Now have more free trade among nations
--Use “Euro” as money in 11 countries
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OTHER supranationalistic econ. organizations:
COMECON (Communist Econ. organization): b4
end of USSR, communist countries had
COMECON which promoted trade among those
countries
AU: African Union
Replaced older Organization for African Unity
(OAU, 1963) that worked to rid Africa of
imperialism, apartheid, etc.
AU now focuses more on economic development in
African countries
ANC: African Nat’l. Congress: Mandela active in
this group
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##Shatter belt –
“A region caught between stronger colliding
external cultural-political forces, under persistent
stress, & often fragmented by aggressive rivals."
Area hit often with outside conflicts and stresses
It has also played the role of a cold war buffer
zone.
EX: Southeast Asia: borders the "giants" of India and
China. One country of the realm, Myanmar, borders
both. To the east, the island State of Indonesia
controls the western half of the island of New Guinea,
yet the whole island is included in the pacific realm.
Another EX: Eastern Europe: often invaded, cultural
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differences
Germany & Europe:
German domination of W. Eur?
--now the most powerful nation in European economy
--has pushed for a stronger, more united Eur.
This has led many in Eur. to fear Ger. may again “rise” as it
did before WW I & WWII
Ger. was not “state” until 1871
Frederick the Great began process of uniting in 1700’s
Then 2nd half of 1800’s von Bismarck united many of the
German speaking people into the German Empire
(lasted less than 50 yrs…end of WWI 1919)
WWII: Hitler took “German speaking”…or close… countries
of Austria, Poland, Czech., to make true German. nationstate
After WWII, split Ger into W & E; split Berlin to 4 parts
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New
European
Union
Nations:
Czech
Republic,
Estonia,
Hungary,
Latvia,
Lithuania,
Malta,
Poland,
Slovakia &
Slovenia
join the
Schengen
area.
62
Germany Divided
and
Berlin divided:
Communist
& Democratic
Gov’ts.
East & West
Germany
East & West
Berlin
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Economic: Trading blocs: regional groups that give
preferential treatment to those w/in their bloc.
3 most important:
1) Western Hemisphere (NAFTA & now CAFTA?)
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement:
-Mexico, USA, + Canada: was Can. + US,
then added Mex. & became NAFTA
CAFTA: Central Amer. Free Trade Agreement
2) Western Eur.: European Union
3) East Asia: Japan leads; China, S. Korea, some
w/ N. Korea
OPEC: ? (not really regional) --economic organization to
protect oil producers
Oil embargo of 1973-74 led to gas rationing & long lines in
USA
---ANC: ????????????
64
US
adjusts to
Oil
Embargo
from
OPEC:
Could
take hrs.
to get
5 – 10
gallons!
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K-4: Terrorism: Individuals & Organizations
States believed to support terrorism:
Libya, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran…& now Pakistan
Terrorism: systematic use of violence by a group to
intimidate a population or coerce (force) a gov’t.
into granting its demands
-1st used in French Revolution: Reign of Terror
(1793-4)
-most times it refers to groups outside of gov’t.’s
--differs from assassination……
-terrorism is aimed at ordinary people
--but assn. aimed at leaders, etc.
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Terror …or ….retaliation:
Which is it? Us vs. them???
Hard to tell at times
EX: w/ Palestinians & Jews gets very
difficult…Is it terrorism…or a response to a
wartime attack?
Does it depend on your POV?
What other groups do they mention?
Attacks on USA:
Several in 1990’s:
1 on WTC, 1 on USS Cole, 2 attacks on U.S.
African embassies, but most Americans
ignored these…was hard to get U.S. ppl
involved
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I-D the following in relation to al Quaeda:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Osama bin-Laden: leader & founder; financed the beginning
Afghanistan: USSR invaded Afghan. (1979-81) …Osama
went there to help fight them (USA helped Afghans w/
weapons, etc.!!) & Taliban took over when drove USSR OUT(‘89)
--later he went for “sanctuary” …began al Quaeda to fight USA
b/c on “holy land” of Arabian Penninsula in Gulf War
Yemen and Somalia: terrorists cells active in these.
“the base”: translation of “al Quaeda”
Majis al Shura: military leadership council w/in groups
Cell: a group in a particular region (EX: Yemen & Somalia
Fatwa: religious decree
Mujahadeen: holy warriors: fundamentalist Muslim fighters
Sharia: Islamic law
Infidels: Non-believers (non-Muslims)
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Amer. Terrorists: OKC bombing, 1995: T.
McVeigh said was retaliation against US
gov’t. attacks on Branch Davidians in Waco,
TX, in ‘93
Sept. 11, 2001: WTC destroyed; Pentagon
hit also
Al Qaeda: did most of the 1990’s US attacks
-bin Laden: son of Yemen billionaire ($ made
in Saudi Arabia); spent his inheritance
building Al Qaeda (“the base”)
-1st fought against USSR in Afghanistan b/c of
Soviet hostility to religions …his 1st jihad
(holy war)
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http://econintersect.com/wordpress/?p=10208
OPEC
countries
voting for
the
production
increases
are colored
in green
while those
opposing
are colored
in red.
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CHANGE IN OIL PRODUCTION
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1996: USA supported Saudi Arabia & Israel, so
called for jihad against US…
-these are “outlaw” Islamic groups, actions NOT
condoned by MOST Muslims, even if they disagree
w/ many USA’s policies
State sponsored terrorism:
3 increasing levels of involvement:
1) providing sanctuary for terrorists wanted by
other countries
2) supplying weapons, $$, & intelligence to terrorists
3) planning attacks using terrorists
US Response to 9/11: US accused Afghanistan,
Iraq, & Iran w/ at least 1 of the 3 levels of support
for terrorism
--attacked Afghan. in 2001 & Iraq in 2003
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Add Pakistan today?
Libya: 1980’s: al-Qaddafi (Kaddafi) paid for executions
of opponents exiled in Europe (Muamar Quadafi)
1981: Libyan plane shot at US plane b/c said was over
Libyan airspace; US said international .. US shot down
In Lebanon: Libyan bombers blew up Berlin nightclub
used by US soldiers …so US bombed 2 Libyan cities
1988: Pan-Am Flight 103 , over Lockerbie, Scotland,
downed by Libyan agents
Afghanistan: 1973: Afghan king overthrown by military
1978…replaced by gov’t friendly to Soviets
1979, USSR sent in troops b/c of “holy warriors”…USSR
out in 1989
1992, Taliban took over; Taliban-led Afgh. was attacked
09/11/2001: US hit Taliban b/c it sheltered bin Laden &
Al-Qaeda …then ethnic grps fought for control
-Taliban is again growing in power w/ Pakistan support
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0922041.html crude oil
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SW Asian Ethnic Grps.:
Ethnic boundaries don’t match country boundaries...
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especially in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, & Pakistan.
Iraq: 1st trouble w/ Hussein: 1991 Persian Gulf War b/c he
invaded Kuwait… but he stayed til 2003
2003 US attacked in 2003 remove Saddam, saying had
WMD’s… --supported by UK & a few others
Difference 1991 & 2003: most of UN supported US in ’91, but
not in 2003 US attacked “unilaterally”
All knew Saddam was a tyrant, but said this didn’t justify
attacks to them …..most didn’t think WMD’s still in Iraq,
Iraq & al-Qaeda ties? NO--Ba’athists & a-Q have different
views on most things, so most UN didn’t see a close tie
there
Iran: 1979: Iran’s people forced the pro-US Shah out
Militants took over US embassy & held them hostage for 444
days…US was very hostile toward Iran
Iraq & Iran began fighting each other in ’80 & ’81 over a
waterway that flowed into the Persian Gulf…1.5 mill. died
US lately has begun saying Iran is urging Shi’ites in Iraq75to
take over & establish power…also nuclear (WMD’s) issue
Other countries US has accused of terrorism or aiding terrorism:
Yemen: base for al-Qaeda cells & sheltered terrorists who
attacked USS Cole
Sudan: once sheltered bin Laden & other militants
Syria: support for Iranian & Libyan terrorists
North Korea: developing nuclear weapons
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World Trade Center:
Ikonos satellite images of the World Trade Center June 30, 2000, before the attack.
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Sept. 11 attacks…
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World Trade Center Site 9/15/2001
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Ikonos satellite images of the World Trade Center Sept. 15, 2001, after the attack.
A S_____?_____ Nation
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• Crude Oil Proven Reserves
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