Transcript Presentation
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Energy and its Sources:
Energy is the Ability To Do Work It comes in different forms -- heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.
sources of Energy: R enewable (an energy source that can be replenished in a short period of time) Renewable energy sources include solar energy, which comes from the sun and can be turned into electricity and heat.
Wind , geothermal energy from inside the earth, biomass from plants, and hydropower energy sources.
and ocean energy from water are also renewable N onrenewable (an energy source that we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of time). Fossil fuels including Oil, Coal an Natural gas 3
Renewable Form of Energy
Solar There are two main ways of using solar energy to produce electricity.
Use of solar cells and Solar thermal technology.
Solar cells are photovoltaic cells that turn light into electricity.
They are used in small electrical items, like calculators, Remote area power supplies, like telephones and space satellites. They are also used on a larger scale to supply electricity through energy authorities.
Solar cells are used to a limited extent in the development of solar powered vehicles. Solar thermal technology uses heat gained directly from sunlight. The best known use of this technology is in solar water heating. Solar thermal electric generating plants use reflectors to collect heat energy to make steam which drives a turbine that produces electricity.
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Biomass
All plant and animal matter is called biomass. It is the mass of biological matter on earth. We can get (biomass) energy: Directly from plants, for example burning wood for cooking and heating. Indirectly from plants, for example turning it into a liquid (alcohol such as ethanol) or gas (biogas) fuel. Indirectly from animal waste, for example biogas (mainly methane gas) from sewage and manure. 5
Hydroelectric
Hydroelectricity is produced from falling water. The movement of the water spins turbines which generate electricity.
Places with high rainfall and steep mountains are ideal for hydroelectricity. Kohistan, Gilgit, Swat and Dir valleys.
Most hydroelectricity projects require the building of large dams on rivers, which can be very expensive. When large dams are built the flow of the dammed river is changed radically and large areas of land are flooded, including wildlife habitats and farming land. Run-of-river hydroelectric schemes cause less environmental damage. Large dams do not need to be built, as the run-of-river schemes divert only part of the river through a turbine. 6
Wind
Wind power refers to useful energy extracted from wind. An estimated 1 to 3 % of the energy from the Sun that hits the earth is converted into wind energy. Eventually, the wind energy is converted through friction into diffuse heat all through the earth's surface and atmosphere. The power in the wind can be extracted by having it act on moving wings that exert torque on a rotor. The amount of power transferred depends on the wind speed (cubed), the swept area (linearly), and the density of the air (linearly).
Large wind generators can be more than 110 meters tall with blades spanning 130 meters. They can sometimes make a low-frequency sound that cannot be heard by humans, but which can rattle windows. Wind farms can be a danger to migrating birds flying at night and can cause TV and radio interference in nearby homes. Because of their size, some people think wind generators are ugly and spoil the scenery, however in some 7 places they are a tourist attraction.
Impacts of Use of Non Renewable Energy on Environment:
Coal
Coal is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from decomposing plants.
Coal is mainly burned in power stations to make electricity and as a source of heat for industry.
Most of the electricity generated in the world comes from burning coal.
When coal is burned it produces large amounts of carbon dioxide, one of the gases responsible for the enhanced greenhouse effect (the increase in the world's temperature due to the increased insulating effect of the earth's atmosphere).
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Petroleum
Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal. But instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped between layers of rocks. It can be made into gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel fuel, oils and bitumen. These products are used in houses for heating and cooking and in factories as a source of heat energy. They are also used in power stations and to provide fuel for transport. However their use, especially petrol and diesel, produces large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. It also produces other poisonous gases that may harm the environment and people's health. Another common use for petroleum is in producing petrochemicals such as plastics. 9
Gas
Gas is made in the same way as petroleum and is also trapped between layers of rock.
Natural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homes to be used in stoves and hot water systems.
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil. It is used for cooking and heating in homes, industrial heating in boilers, kilns and furnaces, and for camping and caravanning appliances.
LPG can also be used as an alternative to petrol as an engine and transport fuel. Using LPG reduces greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 per 10 cent.
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are either split or joined together.
A mineral called uranium is needed for this process. Heat energy and steam produced can drive an electricity generator in a power station, or provide direct mechanical power in a ship or submarine. At each stage of the process various types of radioactive waste are produced. This waste is poisonous and can cause harm to people and the environment coming into contact with it.
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Impact of uses of Non Renewable Energy :
Green House Effect: Greenhouses are used to provide warm places for fruit, vegetables and flowers to grow Human activities are changing the greenhouse effect.
Using coal-fired power plants releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Driving cars that run on petrol also puts more carbon dioxide into the air. Keeping large numbers of livestock, such as cattle, can also be harmful because they release lots of extra methane gas into the atmosphere.
All these extra greenhouse gases result in more heat being trapped around the earth. We call this process the enhanced greenhouse effect.
These greenhouse gases stop some of the heat from escaping back out into space, making it warm enough for plants, animals and humans to live on earth.
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GLOBAL WARMING
Some scientists believe an enhanced greenhouse effect has been created by large increases of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This increase may have been caused by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels. Every year billions of tones of greenhouse gases are released into the air. These include carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). Besides gases that may cause global warming, other hazardous pollutants created by human activity include sulpur dioxide (SOx), nitrogen dioxide (NOx) and particulates. However the natural rhythm of the water cycle may be being disturbed by global warming because: It has increased the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. It has increased the extent of cloud formation. It has produced higher rainfall in many areas. 13
Climate Change:
Changing climatic patterns that are caused by global warming include: Some areas receiving much higher rainfall than at present, resulting in greater flooding. Other areas receiving much less rainfall than at present, resulting in drought. Changes in the distribution of plants and animals around the world, with changing habitats. Changes to patterns of agriculture around the world. More severe storms. More violent cyclones resulting from increasing sea surface temperatures. The increasing of sea levels, due to thermal expansion of the oceans. This could result in the flooding of low-lying coastal areas. The melting of glaciers and polar icecaps.
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Wise energy use.
We must understand ecological processes and the interconnections in nature. We must ‘think globally but act locally’ as responsible energy users. We need to take the long-term view and think about the consequences of what we do. We must look for alternative ways to meet human needs: sustainable ways. We must not forget the connections between the environmental, social and economic factors involved in development. Making a difference through...
Cutting down use of electricity from coal-fired power stations Being more energy-efficient with electricity you do use Using more energy-efficient appliances Using or increasing your use of renewable sources of energy 15
Energy Distribution in different countries
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No.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Total
Pakistan: Energy Sources.
Source
Oil Gas LPG Coal Hydroelectricity Nuclear Electricity
TOE
19,320,611 18,410,007 143,514 2,009,552 4,104,123 476,714
44,464,522
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Electricity
(Generation, Transmission and Distribution):
Installed Total Number Year Capacity Cumulative (MW) Electricity Generation GWH % share of Hydel Power of Villages Electrified (Nos) Length of Transmission Lines (KM) 1948 1960 1965 1970 1983 1988 1993 1996 60 656 1593 1862 4800 6811 10586 14476* 142 1587 3176 6380 19697 33091 48751 48859 16 32 43 46 58 50 43 47 609 1882 15239 27691 45644 62127 5,000** 18,534 21,730 23,794 18
Energy Conservation in buildings
Energy Conservation
After construction, a building requires a constant flow of energy input during its operation. The environmental impacts of energy consumption by buildings occur primarily away from the building site, through mining or harvesting energy sources and generating power.
The energy consumed by a building in the process of heating, cooling, lighting, and equipment operation cannot be recovered.
The type, location, and magnitude of environmental impacts of energy consumptions in buildings differ depending on the type of energy delivered.
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Energy Conservation in built Environment.
Energy-Conscious Urban Planning
Cities and neighborhoods that are energy-conscious are not planned around the automobile, but around public transportation and pedestrian walkways. These cities have zoning laws favorable to mixed-use developments, allowing people to live near their workplaces.
Urban sprawl is avoided by encouraging redevelopment of existing sites and the adaptive reuse of old buildings. Climatic conditions determine orientation and clustering.
For example, a very cold or very hot and dry climate might require buildings sharing walls to reduce exposed surface area; a hot, humid climate would require widely spaced structures to maximize natural ventilation.
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Energy-Conscious Site Planning
Such planning allows the designer to maximize the use of natural resources on the site. In temperate climates, open southern exposure will encourage passive solar heating; deciduous trees provide shade in summer and solar heat gain in winter. Evergreens planted on the north of a building will protect it from winter winds, improving its energy efficiency.
Buildings can be located relative to water onsite to provide natural cooling in summer.
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Passive Heating and Cooling
Solar radiation incident on building surfaces is the most significant energy input to buildings. It provides heat, light, and ultraviolet radiation necessary for photosynthesis.
Historically, architects have devised building forms that provide shading in summer and retain heat in winter. This basic requirement is often overlooked in modern building design. Passive solar architecture offers design schemes to control the flow of solar radiation using building structure, so that it may be utilized at a more desirable time of day.
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Insulation
High-performance windows and wall insulation prevent both heat gain and loss. Reducing such heat transfer reduces the building’s heating and cooling loads and thus its energy consumption. Reduced heating and cooling loads require smaller HVAC equipment, and the initial investment need for the equipment will be smaller.
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Alternate Sources of Energy
Solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy systems are all commercially available to reduce or eliminate the need for external energy sources.
Electrical and heating requirements can be met by these systems, or combination of systems, in all climates.
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Day lighting
Building and window design that utilizes natural light will lead to conserving electrical lighting energy, shaving peak electric loads, and reducing cooling energy consumptions.
At the same time, day lighting increases the luminous quality of indoor environments, enhancing the psychological wellbeing and productivity of indoor occupants. These qualitative benefits of daylighting can be far more significant than its energy-savings potential.
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Energy-Efficient Equipment & Appliances
After construction costs, a expense is the cost of operation.
building’s greatest Operation costs can even exceed construction costs over a building’s lifetime.
Careful selection of high efficiency heating, cooling, and ventilation systems becomes critical.
The initial price of this equipment may be higher than that of less efficient equipment, but this will be offset by future savings.
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Choose Materials with Low Embodied Energy
Building materials vary with respect to how much energy is needed to produce them. The embodied energy of a material attempts to measure the energy that goes into the entire life cycle of building material. For instance, aluminum has a very high embodied energy because of the large amount of electricity that must be used to manufacture it from mined bauxite ore; recycled aluminum requires far less energy to refabricate. By choosing materials with low embodied energy, the overall environmental impact of a building is reduced.
Using local materials over imported materials of the same type will save transportation energy.
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Energy Crisis in Pakistan
An energy crisis is any great shortfall (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources.
With economy growing at present pace, the energy requirements are likely to increase with a similar rate. For 2004-05, Pakistan’s energy consumption touched 55.5 MTOE (Million Tons of Oil Equivalent). By 2030, the nation’s requirement will be 7 times the current requirement reaching 361MTOE Pakistan’s energy requirements are fulfilled with more than 80% of energy resources through imports. According to an official report, the gap between firm supply and peak hours demand has already been shrunk to three digit (440 MW) during this fiscal and will slip into negative columns next year (-441 MW) and further intensify to (-1,457 MW) during the financial year 2006-07.
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National Energy Conservation Policy 2005
The National Energy Conservation Policy has four strategic goals.
(a) Sustainable Development
Energy conservation will help in meeting the requirements of rising levels of energy consumption without putting corresponding additional burden on the environmental resources.
(b) Improve Economic Productivity and Poverty Alleviation
Cost effective energy efficiency measures will improve Pakistan’s economic performance and the value the economy derives from the use of energy resources. Energy efficiency and conservation measures can result in profitable business opportunities and will become a means for poverty alleviation.
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GHG Mitigation and Climate Control Energy efficiency and conservation measures will reduce CO2 emissions and help Pakistan meet its international climate change responsibilities. Efficient use of energy in various sectors of economy will reduce adverse local environmental effects which are otherwise attributed to energy inefficiency and wasteful energy use practices.
(d) Gender Mainstreaming
A unit of energy conserved is a unit of energy produced, which in turn creates a room for energy supplies for rural areas. Provision of energy to rural areas serves the goals of gender equality and mainstreaming.
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Renewable Sources of Energy
(a) Promote development and deployment of Biogas Units; Bring Livestock Farms and Diary Industry in the loop.
(b) Promote development and deployment of Solar Thermal technologies like solar water heater and solar geysers.
(c) Promote development and deployment of wind Mills Pump for other pumping and power generation.
(d) Promote development of Micro and Mini-Hydel Plants.
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Energy Conservation and Sustainable Development
To achieve the sustainable development objectives, ENERCON shall highlight that:-
(a) Implementation of energy conservation measures can increase resource productivity given the present state of technology.
(b) Conservation can meet the challenge of rising level of consumption without putting additional burden on the conventional sources of energy, and contribute to sustainable development.
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Energy Conservation and Environment
To demonstrate the Energy Conservation linkages with environment, ENERCON shall highlight that;
(a) Conservation of convention energy resources lead to local and global emission abatement.
(b) Energy Efficient practices provide principal inputs to clean production.
(c) Energy Conservation projects provides a major avenue to attract climate control and CDM finding. (d) Energy efficiency pursuits contribute to meeting MDG’s and goals as envisaged in various multilateral agreements and protocols.
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Policy Interventions
The following key initiatives will be taken for achieving National Environment Conservation Policy objectives.
(a) Legislation and Regulatory Framework.
(b) Public Awareness, Training and Education.
(c) Integrating Energy Conservation into National Energy Policies.
(d) Institutional Strengthening/Capacity Building.
(e) Financial and Fiscal Incentives.
(f) Public-Private-Civil Society Partnership
(g) Energy Services Companies
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Buildings and Households Sectors
(a) Encourage and facilitate introduction of energy audits in commercial and community buildings.
(b) Encourage adoption of energy efficient considerations in the household.
(c) Evaluate Building and Insulation materials for the energy efficient characteristics with report to different climatic zones and promote their adoption nation wide.
(d) Encourage use of energy efficient equipment, fixtures and appliances in buildings.
(e) Develop/update a Building Energy Code for the country and institute measures for its compliance.
(f) Promote use of energy efficient HVAC and lighting practices in buildings.
(g) Promote through relevant authorities, energy efficient building design.
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