Transcript Community-Based Interventions for Productive Use of

Community-Based Interventions for
Productive Use of Greywater in Home
Farming
By Mohamed BOUFAROUA, Ph.D.
Water resources management specialist.
Integrated Water and Land Management Program
----------------------------------------------------ICARDA, P.O. Box 950764,
Amman 11195, Jordan
Most of the developing countries are suffering from
water scarcity and;
Extreme climate variability - recurrent and severe
drought episodes;
aggravated by the severe effects of climate change;
Increasing problems of water
quality & water availability
There is a need to look for other innovative solutions
(marginal water): Treatment of saline water from the
sea, waste water treatment, gray water treatment
CWANA : From Atlantic Ocean in the W. (17°W) to Pakistan in the E. (80°E)
and, from Kazakhstan in the N. (45°N) to Somalia & Yemen in the S. (2°S) :
20.9M km², 32 countries, 724 M. inhabitants
Central Asia and Caucasus
(CAC)
Area = 4.090.547 SqKm
North Africa (NA)
Area = 5.810.920 SqKm
Southwest Asia (SWA)
Area = 4.669.016 SqKm
Arabian Peninsula (AP)
Area = 2.369.801 SqKm
Nile Valley and Red Sea (NVRS)
Area = 3.920.478 SqKm
N
CWANA : From Atlantic Ocean in the W. (17°W) to Pakistan in the E.
(80°E) and from Kazakhstan in the N. (45°N) to Somalia & Yemen in
the S. (2°S) : 20.9M km², 32 countries, 724 M. inhabitants
CC impact on MENA by 2050
Water Supply by 12%
Water Demand 50%
P. Droogers et al.: Water resources trends in Middle East and North Africa towards 2050;
www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/16/1/2012/
MENA : Middle East and North Africa
The Transition
Integrated
Resource
Management
Integrated
Water
and
Land
Management
W&L
resources
Assessment
and Planning
Policies &
institutions
Combating
land
degradation
W&L
productivity
improvement
NARS
training
Drought
management
Resource Management Strategies

•
•

Reduce Water Demand
Agricultural Water Use Efficiency
Urban Water Use Efficiency
Improve Operational Efficiency &
Transfers
• Conveyance
• System Reoperation
• Water Transfers
 Increase Water Supply
• Conjunctive Management &
Groundwater Storage
• Desalination –Brackish & Seawater
• Precipitation Enhancement
• Water treatment
• Surface Storage - Regional/Local
 Improve Water Quality
• Drinking Water Treatment and
Distribution
• Groundwater/Aquifer Remediation
• Matching Quality to Use
• Pollution Prevention
• Urban Runoff Management
 Practice Resource Stewardship
• Agricultural Lands Stewardship
• Economic Incentives (Loans, Grants,
and Water Pricing)
• Ecosystem Restoration
• Floodplain Management
• Recharge Areas Protection
• Urban Land Use Management
• Water-Dependent Recreation
• Watershed Management
Efficient Agriculture Water Management Practices
include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Preparation and adoption of a water management plan
Canal and ditch lining
Implementation of tail-water recovery systems
Use of real-time irrigation scheduling and evapotranspiration data
Beneficial use of recycled water and grey water
Optimization of conjunctive use of ground and surface water supplies
Water valuation/ Incentivized pricing
Definition: Grey-water gets its name from its cloudy appearance and from its
status as being between fresh, potable water (known as "white water") and
sewage water ("black water").
• Grey-water refers to water from sinks,
showers, and washing machines.
• Grey-water represents 50 -80% of the
total water consumption at home.
• Grey-water reuse offers an attractive
option in arid and semi-arid regions
Properly treated grey water can be used
potentially for irrigation, toilet flushing and
various type of cleaning purpose.
Greywater treatment options
(Illustration: Jenssen et al. 2005)
Jordan Case Study- Grey-water
• Purpose /Goal
Improvements to grey-water quality and community-based
interventions leading to safe and productive use of grey-water for
crop production systems at household level.
Specific Aims
- Implementation of grey water treatment units, with continuous
monitoring of the water quality to determine the treatment unit’s
efficiency.
- Assess the social and economic impacts of grey water systems.
- Identify long term effects of grey water on plants and soils.
- Conduct training courses in order to be able to manage greywater reuse activity in a proficient way.
Activities & Achievement:
1- Site Selection
Madaba Governorate chosen as the
main project implementation site.
Annual average rainfall: 200 mm.
The main water resource for domestic
and home agriculture uses is the water
distribution network
A list of criteria
Sites selected
Applied in other locations
and other countries
The guiding principles in selecting the various GW sites
The selection of GW treatment units took into account 6 basic
criteria
Presence at
home
garden
Interested
family to
cooperate
Cropping
patterns/se
lection.
SocioEconomic
Situation of
Farmers
Selection of
GW Sites
Ability to
contribute
towards
constructio
n
Availability
/willingnes
s of family
members
Rate of
fresh water
usage
2. Pre Project Awareness Sessions
Bargash (NorthJordan), October 2013
Alnugeira, Aljeeza. March 2013.
Pre Project Awareness Sessions
Meetings were organized with project
partners to discuss the scope and application
aspects, activities, time table, and contact
person(s).
Field visit to some potential greywater
use sites was conducted
Awareness meetings were
held in cooperation with the
interested local associations
Bargash (North Jordan), October 2013
3.Household Selection and Characterization
4. Grey-water Treatment Unit
A constructed wetland system were selected and
designed for greywater treatment .
Grey-water Treatment Unit design
The design was mainly based on the guidelines
of US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA, 2000);
Reviewed and modified by ICARDA (2009)
Two types
of constructed wetland
filtration media’s were
tested i.e. volcanic tuff
and
conventional
gravels.
Gravels
Volcanic Tuff
Small
size
grey-water
treatment. Alaeraq - Karak
Medium size grey -ater
treatment. Madaba
Large size grey-water
treatment. Maan
5. Capacity building
On-site training days for households on grey water use were
conducted: Optimal management practices dealing with the
different aspects of grey water reuse, irrigation scheduling, grey
water treatment, water quality, operation and maintenance of the
grey water system, and mitigation of health risks
Alnugeira, April 2013
Almwaqar, April 2013
Tafiela, June 2013
On-site training days for households on grey water units
Summary Table of Training, Exploratory Tour and Workshop Communitybased Interventions for the Productive Use of Grey Water in Home Farming
4
Monitoring plan
Monitoring program began since August 2010
for six locations (three of them use the
Volcanic Residue material as filtration media
and the others use the white gravels as
filtration media).
The monitoring program includes water, soil
and plant.
6.Water, Soil and plant Monitoring
Results
Biological Oxygen Demand
BOD (mg/L)
500
444
300
400
407
300
300
Before
200
After
121
209
100
0
Standard
After
Before
Tuff
Gravels
Tuff : 73% Reduction
Gravels : 49% Reduction
Standard
Chemical Oxygen Demand
COD (mg/L)
1000
860
500
800
731
500
Before
600
400
After
301
354
200
0
Standard
After
Before
Tuff
Gravels
Tuff : 65% Reduction
Gravels : 52% Reduction
Standard
Total Suspended Solids
TSS (mg/L)
1500
1245
939
1000
193
500
200
Before
After
200
209
0
Standard
After
Before
Tuff
Gravels
Tuff : 85% Reduction
Gravels : 78% Reduction
Standard
Electrical Conductivity
measures salinity of all the ions dissolved in grey-water
EC (dS/m)
1.49
2
1.28
1.54
1.5
1
Before
After
After
0
Before
Tuff
Gravels
Tuff : 16% Increase
Gravels : 2.5% Increase
The impact of greywater use on olive
plant leave
• The results indicate that grey-water does not
have adverse impacts on plant quality.
However, further investigation is required to
understand the variations in the numbers of
Pb and Zn.
Assessment of the project beneficiaries’ use of grey-water in
agriculture
A study was conducted to evaluate the social acceptance of reusing
grey water for irrigation, assessing water availability and cost
savings for domestic water consumers by using grey water units:
• Domestic water consumers, using grey-water units, saved up to
33% of water consumption. Additionally, water bills have
decreased by 35%.
• Treated grey-water has gradually become the main source for
irrigation at home garden level in irrigating olive, grape, and
almond trees.
• Productivity of olive corps and olive oil has increased .
• The widespread use of treated grey-water indicates that
the practice is gaining an evident social acceptance.
• Households believe that the activities and trainings
provided through the grey-water project have been
sufficient as it has raised awareness amongst families
and locals.
Water invoice cost
After the installation of the grey water system, water bills have
decreased by 35%.
Water Consuming (m3/week)
25
Consumption (m3)
20
15
10
Max.
Average
10
7
Min.
6
5
4
4
0
Before
After
Households used to consume an average of 6m3 of water per week. The maximum
consumption of water could reach 10m3 while minimum was 4m3 per week. After
the installation of the grey water system, the average consumption of water in the
house has decreased to 4m3 with a maximum consumption of 7m3 and minimum of
2m3. Water Consuming saved up to 33%
New technologies tested
- Grey-water treatment method using a drawer
compacted sand filter tested (DCSF)
Collaborative program with the University of Surrey, UK
Free open spaces (5
cm)
The flow of water
Mova
ble
Drawe
rsdra
wers
Collection
Effluent
The benchmark project site serves
as a hub for capacity building and
technology transfer between the
main community and collaborating
sites in Lebanon, and Palestine
 Out scaling grey water treatment units in
Lebanon and Palestine
 NARs scientists trained
 Treatment units modification to increase water
aeration, activate aerobic bacteria, odor
control and facilitate manual cleaning
 Awareness sessions and on-site training of
beneficiaries
 Continue testing and improving quality of greywater using different materials volcanic tuff
 Waste water activities
Sketch of Ateel wastewater treatment
station in Palestine
Irrigation using grey water in Palestine
Testing other techniques in Lebanon
Dissemination material produced
Articles published in ISI journals
Assessing the Efficiency of Grey-Water Reuse at Household Level and its Suitability for
Sustainable Rural and Human Development published in ISI journal: British Journal of
Applied Science & Technology (BJAST) (ISSN: 2231-0843), July 2013
By Mohammed Boufaroua, Abeer Albalawneh and Theib Oweis.
Performance Indicators for Wastewater Reuse Systems in Gaza Governorates in ISI journal
“Civil and Environmental Research” ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 Vol.3, No.10,
2013
By Abdallah Alimari, Mohammed Boufaroua, BouBaker Dhehibi1, Jamal Y. Al-Dadah,
Haneen Al-Sbaihi, Yousra Abu Sharekh and Orwa Jaber Houshia.
Assessing the Efficiency of Ateel Wastewater Treatment Station and Its Suitability for
Rehabilitation Improving Water Quality and Its Safe and Practical Application published in
ISI journal: British Journal of Applied Science & Technology (BJAST) (ISSN: 2231-0843), April
2013
By Orwa Jaber Houshia, Mohammed Boufaroua, Abdallah Alimari and Nahawand Souqia.
Successful story in Jordan
New opportunities
for technology
transfer
New projects
in Tunisia and
Egypt (CRP-DS)
(2014)
+
collaborating
sites in
Lebanon, and
Palestine
(2010)
Continuous process for optimal GW management
drawer
compacted
sand filter
(DCSF)
Continue
implementi
ng GW
units
Testing new
plantations
Selection of
GW Sites
New
designs to
be tested
INRGREF
Innovative
ideas for
Olive Oil
Wastewate
r
Treatment
of GW with
Bio filters
Membrane
Bioreactors
Donors
US Agencie
UNDP
CRO-DS
………