Transcript Dementia
Pamela Pride MD December 3, 2009 Differentiate dementia from delirium and depression Recall the testing characteristics of screening instruments Differentiate different types of dementia Recognize and manage caregiver stress Demonstrate appropriately 3 screening instruments to differentiate dementia, delirium, and depression Evidence from the history and mental status examination that indicates major impairment in learning and memory as well as at least one of the following: - Impairment in handling complex tasks - Impairment in reasoning ability - Impaired spatial ability and orientation - Impaired language It is progressive, usually incurable and terminal There are approximately 5.1 million Americans 65 years and older with dementia. 1 in 8 persons 65 and over Nearly 50% of all persons over the age of 85 have some type of dementia. It is the sixth leading cause of death in the US It is the third most expensive disease after cardiovascular disease and cancer. Alzheimer’s Association 2009 Facts and Figures Projected numbers of demented patients 16 Patients in millions 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2020 2040 2050 Signs of Dementia Poor judgment and decision making Inability to manage a budget Losing track of the date or the season Difficulty having a conversation Misplacing things and being unable to retrace steps to find them Alzheimer’s Association Typical AgeRelated Changes Making a bad decision once in a while Missing a monthly payment Forgetting which day it is and remembering later Sometimes forgetting which word to use Losing things from time to time. The 3 D’s Depression - Dementia - Delirium Delirium Dementia Depression Onset Abrupt Slow, insidious Recent, may be associated with loss Duration Hours to days Months to years Stable, may be worse in the morning Attention Impaired Normal, except severe cases Usually normal Consciousness Reduced, fluctuating Clear Clear Silverstein & Maslow, 2006 Dementia Major Depression Acute, nonprogressive Depression Affective before cognitive Attention impaired Orientation intact Vocal memory complaint Gives up on testing Language intact Patient complains Better at night Criticizes self Self-referred Insidious & progressive Depression mild if present Cognitive before affective Recent memory impaired Orientation impaired Minimizes memory problem Patient makes effort Possibly aphasic Family complains Sundowning Criticizes others Referred by others Antiparkinson drugs Insomnia drugs Corticosteroids Narcotics UI drugs Theophylline Emptying drugs (motility drugs) Muscle relaxants Seizures Drugs Cardiovascular Drugs H2 blockers Look to these medications Antimicrobials there is an ACUTE NSAIDs CHANGE IN MS Geropsychiatric drugs ENT drugs http://www.geronurseonline.org; Flaherty, J.H. (1998). Psychotherapeutic agents in older adults. Commonly prescribed and over-the-counter remedies: causes of confusion. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 14(1): 101-27. if Antidepressants Amitriptyline (Elavil®) Clomipramine (Anafranil®) Desipramine (Norpramin®) Doxepine (Sinequan®) Imipramine (Tofranil®) Nortriptyline (Pamelor®) Trazodone (Desyrel®) Antidiarrheals Diphenoxylate/Atropine (Lomotil®) Antiemitics/Antivertigo Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine®) Meclizine (Antivert®) Prochlorpromazine (Compazine®) Promethazine (Phenergan®) Scopolomine (Transerm-Scop®) Antihistamines Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton®) Cyproheptadine (Periactin®) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) Hydroxyzine (Vistaril/Atarax®) Antiparkinsonian Agents Benzotropine (Cogentin®) Trihexyphenidyl (Artane®) Antipsychotics Chlorpromazine (Thorazine®) Clozapine (Clozaril®) Fluphenazine (Prolixin®) Thioridazine (Mellaril®) Triflupromazine (Stelazine®) Gastrointestinal/Urinary Agents Belladona alkaloids (Donnatol®) Dicyclomine (Bentyl®) Hyoscamine (Levsin®) Oxybutinin (Ditropan®) Muscle Relaxants Carisoprodol (Soma®) Cylobenzaprine (Flexeril®) Orphenadrin (Norflex®) Opiates 30 point maximum <24 c/w impairment Influenced by education Does not distinguish dementia from delirium Borson, S., et al (2000). Int J Geriatr Psych 15 (11): 1021-1027. Clock Drawing Test • Quick office-based • • • • assessment tool Brief (1-5 minutes) Minimal language requirement Does not require specialized testing materials Easily adapted for nonEnglish-speaking elderly Sunderland T et al. (1989), J Am Geriatr Soc 37(8):725-729; Borson S et al. (1999), J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 54(11):M534-M540 Tests functional limitations/changes rather than cognitive Sensitivity and specificity comparable to the MMSE Rating functional abilities over past 4 weeks Not applicable Normal Some difficulty but does by self Needs assistance Dependent Pfeffer RI, et al. J Gerontol 37:323-329:1982 Writing checks, paying bills, balancing checkbooks Assembling tax records, business affairs, or papers Shopping alone for clothes, household necessities, or groceries Playing a game of skill, working on a hobby Heating water, making a cup of coffee, turning off stove Preparing a balanced meal Keeping track of current events Paying attention to, understanding, discussing a TV show, book, magazine Remembering appointments, family occasions, holidays, medications Traveling out of neighborhood, driving, arranging to take buses Source: Pfeffer RI et al. J Gerontol. 1982;15:323-329. Alzheimer’s Disease Vascular Dementia (MID) Lewy Body Dementia Frontotemporal Dementia PD CJD Secondary Causes NHP Syphilis Thyroid dz B12 deficiency Disease of old age, slight female predominance Insidious and progressive memory impairment Characteristic pattern of memory loss Episodic→semantic→immediate recall→motor Verbal, visual-spatial and subtle executive function problems can be early signs Apraxia, neuropsych sx and profound exec function problems occur late in disease Pts have poor insight Neurologic exam normal early on Various atypical forms exist Posterior cortical atrophy Primary progressive aphasia Biparietal syndrome Common to have AD and other dementia Progressive, incurable and ultimately terminal Mean survival 3-8 years Death results from loss of motor memory Cognitive dysfunction related to brain ischemia Abrupt onset of symptoms followed by stepwise deterioration Executive func impairment early, memory later Neuro exam and imaging c/w previous stroke Risk factor modification and antiplatelet rx recommended Progressive cognitive decline Usually executive func impaired prior to memory Fluctuating cognition Visual hallucinations Spontaneous features of parkinsonism Severe autonomic dysfunction Neuroleptic sensitivity Can mimic delirium Earlier onset, more rapidly progressive 3 clinical variants Behavioral variant Semantic dementia Progressive nonfluent aphasia Parkinson’s related CJD Huntington’s disease TBI 10-20% of pts labeled with dementia have reversible causes Of “true” dementias 5% are potentially reversible NPH most common Hypothyroidism B12 deficiency Syphilis SDH, cns neoplasms Memory Concern Affecting Daily Life (Positive Screen) Mini-Cog and Clock Drawing Screen Unclear or No Obvious Deficits Cognitive Deficit Present Consider Neuropsychological Testing Assess for Potentially Reversible Causes: •H & P and Neuro Exam •History •Laboratory Testing •Medication Review Potentially Reversible Condition Present (including Depression & Delirium) Treat and Reassess No Potentially Reversible Condition Present No or Partial Improvement DEMENTIA Cholinesterase inhibitors Offer modest improvement in surrogate end points for mild-mod disease Questionable cost benefit ratio Expected ADRs Memantine shows improvement in surrogate end points for mod-severe disease Appears safe, well tolerated Managing behavioral sx Aggression Wandering Physical and chemical restraints Co-morbid depression Is it ok to use neuroleptics? Treating the family Recognizing and managing caregiver stress With any behavioral change it is important to evaluate for underlying delirium and depression Wandering Maintain and active daytime schedule Re-orient frequently Use alarm systems to keep pt safe Aggression Medically evaluate pt for delirium, pain, anxiety etc Calming environment strategies Carefully weigh risk:benefit with neuroleptics and discuss with caregivers Educate caregiver re: course of disease Encourage HCPOA early and end of life preferences Encourage Caregivers to find PCP’s and have routine MD visits for themselves Mobilize resources and make caregivers aware of respite and day care services Encourage caregivers to become familiar with NH’s Encourage caregivers to stay with demented pt in event of hospitalization Evaluation & Diagnosis Prognosis Association Behavioral Symptoms Safety Issues Caregiver Stress Community Resources Over the past two weeks, how often have you been bothered by any of the following problems? Little interest or pleasure in doing things. 0 = Not at all 1 = Several days 2 = More than half the days 3 = Nearly every day Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless. 0 = Not at all 1 = Several days 2 = More than half the days 3 = Nearly every day Thibault, PHQ-2 Score Probability of major depressive disorder (%) Probability of any depressive disorder (%) 1 15.4 36.9 2 21.1 48.3 3 38.4 75.0 4 45.5 81.2 5 56.4 84.6 6 78.6 92.9 JM, Prasaad Steiner, RW. (2004) “Efficient Identification of Adults with Depression and Dementia.” American Family Physician (70):6. 1 = Acute Onset & Fluctuating Course PLUS 2 = Inattention AND EITHER 3 = Disorganized Thinking OR 4 = Altered LOC (Most Common = Hypoactive) Inouye et al. Ann Intern Med 1990 Falls Strangulation Loss of Muscle Tone Pressure Sores Decreased Mobility Agitation Reduced Bone Mass Stiffness Frustration Loss of Dignity Incontinence Constipation PLST/Environment Progressively Lower Stress Threshold • • • • • • Solutions Avoid placing patient in a room with high noise and traffic Avoid room changes Subdue physical environment Be sensitive to amount of light Remove threatening artwork Use pictures and large words Pt Admitted with Known or Suspected Dementia CAM Abnormal Normal Identify Underlying Cause of Delirium and Treat No Delirium PHQ2 (If Possible) Consistent with Depression Equivocal or Inconsistent with Depression Treat Depression or Discuss Options Mini-Cog Impaired Not Impaired Re-Evaluate After Treatment No Action Schedule Family Meeting IF AT ANY TIME PATIENT REQUIRES PHYSICAL RESTRAINTS, DOCUMENT IN CHART REASON WHY AND NOTIFY FAMILY Discuss Dementia with Family •Evaluation & Diagnosis •Prognosis •Associated Behavioral Symptoms •Safety Issues •Caregiver Stress •Community Resources Alzheimer’s Association St. Louis Chapter and Washington University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center Dementia-Friendly Hospitals: Care Not Crisis: “Medical Overview: Recognition and Management of Hospitalized Patients with Cognitive Impairment.” National Alzheimer’s Association “2009 Facts and Figures”