Transcript Document

UNCTAD’s work on on Non-Tariff
Barriers (NTBs)
Session 1:
Current situation of NTBs information
Short courses for Permanent Missions in Geneva
Friday 30 October 2009
1
Introduction
• NTBs or NTMs?
• UNCTAD uses the term NTMs
• Difficult or impossible to assess whether a
measure has protectionist intent or has
discriminatory effects.
• NTMs are defined as policy measures that
have the effect of limiting trade with no
implied judgment on their legitimacy.
• NTBs are a subset of NTMs.
2
Presentation outline
1. Background
2. Overview of UNCTAD’s classification of
NTMs
3. NTMs data collection
4. Sources of NTMs data
5. NTMs data in UNCTAD‘s TRAINS
database
3
Background
• UNCTAD work on NTMs goes back to early
1980s when a taxonomy of different types of
NTMs was developed.
• Effort led to the establishment of the
UNCTAD Coding System of Trade Control
Measures (TCMCS) in late 1980s, following
several revisions
• Collecting data using TCMCS began in 1988
• Data in the Trade Analysis and information
System (TRAINS) database in 1992
4
Background
• Disseminated through TRAINS CD-ROM
between 1994 and 2001.
• Since 2002 through the World Integrated
Trade Solution (WITS) software.
• TRAINS database contains NTM data on
102 countries (some on several years) from
1988 to 2008.
• But only complete information until 2004
5
TCMCS overview
•
•
TCMCS identifies over 100 different types of
NTMs at its most detailed level grouped in six
broad categories.
NTMs divided into Core and non-Core
measures
• Core Measures: Measures intended
to protect local producers.
• Non-Core Measures: Measures
intended to protect local consumers.
6
TCMCS overview
Core NTMs
Non-Core NTMs
Price Control
Measures
Automatic
Licensing
Measures
Monopolistic
Measures
Technical
Measures
NTMs
Finance
Measures
Quantity
Control
Measures
7
TCMCS overview
Price Control Measures
Administrative
pricing
Voluntary export
price restraint
Antidumping
measures
Variables
Charges
Countervailing
measures
8
TCMCS overview
Finance Measures
Advance
payments
requirements
Multiple
exchange
rates
Restrictive
official foreign
exchange rate
Transfer
delays,
Queuing
Regulations
concerning
terms of payment
for imports
9
TCMCS overview
Automatic Licensing
Measures
Automatic
license
Import
monitoring
Surrender
requirements
10
TCMCS overview
Quantity Control
Measures
Non-Automatic
licensing
Quotas
Prohibitions
Enterprise
specific
restriction
Export restraint
arrangements
11
TCMCS overview
Monopolistic
Measures
Single Channel
for Imports
Compulsory
National
Services
12
TCMCS overview
Technical
Measures
Technical
Regulations
13
Collection of NTMs data: Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Compilation of sources
Reading and extracting relevant information from
available sources
Computerized inventory of classified documents
Identification of affected products and measures
Writing of country notes
Using country notes for codification (HS code and
NTM code)
Data Verification
Data transfer to TRAINS database
14
Collecting NTMs data
• Several Sources are used to compile NTMs data.
• Most sources are publicly available information




Tariff schedules
Government Publications
WTO Countries notifications
Other International/regional Organizations (IMF,
ESCAP TISNET)
 Specialized Institutions
•
•
•
•
German Foreign Trade Information Office (BFAI)
French International Trade Monitor (MOCI)
Institute for economic research (IFO)
British Business
15
Collecting NTMs data
• Collaboration with Regional Organizations
– Latin American Integration Association
(ALADI) and Central American Secretariat
for Economic Integration (SIECA) with
Inter-American Development Bank
– South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC)
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TCMCS coding system
3000 PRICE CONTROL MEASURES
3100 ADMINISTRATIVE PRICING
3110
Minimum import prices
3190
Administrative pricing n.e.s.
3200 VOLUNTARY EXPORT PRICE RESTRAINT
3300 VARIABLE CHARGES
3310
Variable levies
3320
Variable components
3330
Compensatory elements
3340
Flexible import fees
3390
Variable charges n.e.s
3400 ANTIDUMPING MEASURES
3410
Antidumping investigations
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TCMCS coding system
5000 AUTOMATIC LICENSING MEASURES
5100 AUTOMATIC LICENCE
5200 IMPORT MONITORING
5210
Retrospective surveillance
5220
Prior surveillance
5270
Prior surveillance for sensitive product categories
5700 SURRENDER REQUIREMENT
5900 AUTOMATIC LICENSING MEASURES N.E.S.
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TCMCS coding system: country
notes
5. AUTOMATIC LICENSING MEASURES
Automatic licence
52.7 Prior surveillance for sensitive product
categories
Tunisia is a party to the Convention against
Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances (1988) under which
it is required to establish and maintain a
system to monitor international trade in
substances mentioned in Tables I and II of the
Convention.
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Converting Country notes into files
for TRAINS
• Product (HS 2, 4, or 6 digit, or full national tariff line)
• Measure Code (4-digit UNCTAD Coding system of
Trade Control Measures)
• Year (for NTM and Product code)
• Date of introduction
• Source of Information
• Footnote (detailed measure and/or product
description)
• Affected Countries
• Partial coverage indication
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NTM data table
1
H1
H1
2
788
788
3 4
5
6
2002 2938
Glycosid
es
Prior
surveil
lance 5276
2002 2939
Vegetabl
e
alkaloids
Prior
surveil
lance 5276
1. Nomenclature
2. Country Code
3. Year
4. Product Code
7
5. Product description
6. NTM description
7. NTM code
8. Start Year
8
1988
9 10
11
12
11 *
1988 11
9. Start month
10. Partial coverage
11. Sources
12. Country List
13. Footnotes
21
13
FootNotes
CountryList
12
Sources
1997
12
Partial Coverage
6172
1997
StartMonth
01039001
Authori
zation
to
protect
animal
health
6171
StartYear
01039001
Authori
zation
for
human
health
protecti
on
NTMCode
2002
MeasureName
788
2002
ProductCode
788
Year
H1
Reporter_ISO_N
NomenCode
H1
ProductDescription
NTMs data in TRAINS:
Structure
*
IFO
August
1999
Products excluded from the
liberalized import regime
as per decree 97-2515 of
29.12.97
*
IFO
August
1999
Products excluded from the
liberalized import regime
as per decree 97-2515 of
29.12.97
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NTM data in TRAINS database
•
•
•
•
Raw data without additional computation
No frequency count
No quantification or AVEs
User can download the file and use it for
analysis
23
Accessing TRAINS database
• TRAINS database is currently accessible through
the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS)
software.
• WITS was developed by the World Bank in close
collaboration with UNCTAD.
• WITS gives access to major market access and
trade databases.
• WITS access:
http://wits.worldbank.org/witsweb/Register/
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TRAINS: NTMs Current Trend
• Growing importance of Technical Measures as
Barriers to Trade in the face of elimination of
Core-Measures
Core Measures
1994 (%)
45
2004 (%)
15
Non-core Measures
55
85
25
TRAINS: Evolution of NTM use by
broad category
TCM description
1994 (%)
2004 (%)
PRICE CONTROL MEASURES
7.1
1.8
FINANCE MEASURES
2.0
1.5
AUTOMATIC LICENSING MEASURES
2.8
1.7
QUANTITY CONTROL MEASURES
49.2
34.8
MONOPOLISTIC MEASURES
1.3
1.5
TECHNICAL MEASURES
31.9
58.5
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Types of NTMs applied by region
TCM description
1994
PRICE CONTROL MEASURES
Dvped
(%)
9.4
0.1
5.3
Dping
(%)
6.1
3.1
1.5
Dvped
(%)
2.9
0.3
7.4
Dping
(%)
1.7
1.6
1.1
QUANTITY CONTROL
MEASURES
45.8
53.1
34.7
35.2
MONOPOLISTIC MEASURES
1.1
1.4
0.7
1.6
TECHNICAL MEASURES
21.9
34.4
50.0
58.6
FINANCE MEASURES
AUTOMATIC LICENSING
MEASURES
2004
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Analyzing TRAINS NTM data:
Tunisia Example
 Data compiled in 2002.
 Data classified according to HS 1996 revision.
 Out of 16,163 Tariff lines (HS10 digits), 11,533 are
affected by at least one type of NTMs i.e 71% of Tariff
lines in 2002.
 In terms of HS-6 digit, 3566 HS codes out of 5113 (70%).
 88 chapters out of 96 chapters of the HS system (91%).
 26 distinct types of NTMs.
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Tunisia NTMs: SOURCES
• Foreign Agricultural Service/USA: Country Report 2000
(Food and Agricultural Import Regulations) USDA
• German Institute for Economic Research (IFO)
• Journal Officiel de la Republique Tunisienne (JORT)
• French International Trade Monitor (MOCI)
• United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Nov. 1998)
• WTO publications
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Tunisia: NTMs Broad
Categories:Frequency
4%
12%
0%
Technical Measures
Quantity Control Measures
Monopolistic Measures
Automatic Licensing Measures
84%
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Analyzing NTM data: Distribution
of NTMs per HS chapter
HS chapter
ProductDescription
Share
85
Electrical mchy equip parts thereof; sound record
11
22
Beverages, spirits and vinegar.
9
20
Prep of vegetable, fruit, nuts or other parts of
7
02
Meat and edible meat offal
7
29
Organic chemicals.
6
03
Fish & crustacean, mollusc & other aquatic invert
4
15
Animal/veg fats & oils & their cleavage products;
4
04
Dairy prod; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible pr
4
62
Art of apparel & clothing access, not knitted/cro
3
23
Residues & waste from the food indust; prepr ani
3
08
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or me
3
16
Prep of meat, fish or crustaceans, molluscs etc
2
17
Sugars and sugar confectionery.
2
19
Prep.of cereal, flour, starch/milk; pastrycooks'
2
01
Live animals
2
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NTM frequency
NTMCode
MeasureName
8111
Product characteristics req. to protect human
health
8131
N
Share
14319
46%
Labelling requirements to protect human health
2882
9%
8141
Packaging requirements to protect human health
2882
9%
6320
Suspension of issuance of licences
1816
6%
7110
State trading administration
1295
4%
8159
Testing, inspection etc. req. for purposes n.e.s.
1144
4%
8139
Labelling requirements for purposes n.e.s.
1144
4%
8153
Test, inspection and quarantine for plant health
681
2%
6376
Prohibition to control drug abuse
609
2%
8169
Information requirements for purposes n.e.s.
599
2%
8112
Prod characteristics req. to protect animal health
534
2%
8151
Test, inspection and quarantine for human health
497
2%
8152
Test, inspection and quarantine for animal health
497
2%
6179
Authorization, n.e.s.
493
2%
32
NTMs data in TRAINS:
Limitations
• Some Measures apply to all products without a clear
justification. e.g. Automatic Licensing
• Products can not be identified easily. Such products
are indicated by an artificial code ‘000000’
• No end date indicated
• Coverage in terms of measures/countries collected.
• Outdated classification missing some very important
new types of measures
33
NTM data in TRAINS:
Limitations
• Time series analysis not possible
• Data not updated on regular basis (has not been
updated regularly since 2004)
34
CONCLUSION
• TRAINS is considered to be the most
comprehensive database on NTMs today
• NTMs data TRAINS is far from being perfect.
• A lot needs to be done to improve the situation.
35
Additional Information
• http://www.unctad-trains.org/
• http://wits.worldbank.org/witsweb/Register/
• [email protected]
Thank you!
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