Transcript Islamic Studies (DIS5015)

Islamic Studies
Moderated by:
Dziauddin b. Sharif
B.Sh (Shariah & Economics) UM,
M.Sh (Islamic Economics) UM.
Room: 2009, 2nd floor, CADP.
Assignment
• Title
• Freedom but specific, detail and must focus on the
certain area or field.
– E.g.: “Zakat” is not specific, but zakat of trade or zakat
fitrah or zakat of gold are considered specific.
• Attracting, interesting and relating the current issues.
– E.g.: “Using bomoh and pawang in treatment”. How does
Islam view this?
• Topics related to the history are not encourage when
its just a fact.
– E.g.: The life story of Ibn Sina – is not encourage but “The
contribution of Ibn Sina in medical field.” – is possible.
• Topics which are related to the Muslims’ challenges
nowadays are most encourage.
– E.g.: Terrorism: The best way to solve it.
Topics
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Islam and Its Fundamentals
Concept of Vicegerency in Islam
Islamic Civilization
Islamic Political System
Entertainment in Islam
Epistemology and Axiology in Islam
Mazhab in Islam
System of Marriage in Islam
Current issues
Chapter 1: Islam and Its
Fundamentals
• The meaning of religion
– referring to the faith/belief of someone
– express the eternal questions of life, death and
next world
– forces man to think deeply in the vast creation
of the world
– function: develop mind, civilization,nation and
countries
Revealed and Non revealed
• Revealed
– based on the concept of the Unity of God
– believes in the prophet
– main sources of guidance are heavenly
scriptures.
– Were born in the middle-east
– appeared in regions which have historically
under the influence of the Semitic race
– missionary religions
Revealed and Non revealed
• Non-revealed
– are not based on the concept of the Unity of
God
– no prophet
– do not regard heavenly scriptures
– were born outside the middle-east
– outside the Semitic area
– not missionary
Undisputed sources
Al-Quran
Al-Sunnah
Al-Deen
Agreed by majority
Ijma’
Qiyas
The process of al-fiqh
Aqidah/Tauhid
-Six articles
of faith
-The pillar
of Islam
Syariah
-Ibadat
-Muamalat
-Jinayat
-Munakahat
Akhlak/Moral
-Behavior
-Thinking
-The process
of judgment
Definition of al-Deen
• It is not correct the word al-deen as religion
or faith
• it is a system that governs the whole aspect
of mankind
• technically means : belief in the
omnipresence & omnipotence of God
• being a state of submission as a result of the
need to require something from someone
who is far more superior
Definition of al-Deen
• The description of al-Deen
– complete system that has everything in it
– system that comprises the worldly need &
the Hereafter
– serve the 3 basic : spiritual, mental and
physical aspects.
The Importance of Five
• Include:
– preserve al-deen
• through the law of riddah
– preserve life
• the law of killing
– preserve mind
• prohibiting the alcohol
– preserve descendent
• order to marry
• prohibit adultery
– preserve property
• prohibiting the stealing
Vital Duties of Islam
• Perform properly and correctly
• perform the five pillars:
–
–
–
–
–
syahadat
solat
fasting
zakat
haji
Syahadat
• The concept
–
–
–
–
it is fundamental
main believe which makes us as a Muslim
closely related to the Iman
witness and admit the existence of Allah and His Prophet
• Methods
– Know the asma’ Allah through al-Quran
• Explore the contents in al-Quran
• Observe the creation
– Preserve the Allah’s command
• Implement hukum (commandment).
• Avoid to abrogate it.
– Know the Rasulullah through al-hadith
• Take the examples of Rasulullah in everything he did in his daily life
Knowing Allah
Iftiqar
Istighna’
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wujud (Nafsiah)
Qidam (Salbiah)
Baqa’ (Salbiah)
Mukhalafatuhu lilhawadith
(Salbiah)
Qiyamuhu binafsihi (Salbiah)
Sama’ (Ma’ani)
Basar (Ma’ani)
Kalam (Ma’ani)
Sami’an (Ma’nawiyyah)
Basiran (Ma’nawiyyah)
Mutakalliman (Ma’nawiyyah)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wahdaniya (Salbiah)
Qudrat (Ma’ani)
Iradat (Ma’ani)
Ilmu (Ma’ani)
Hayat (Ma’ani)
Qadiran (Ma’nawiyyah)
Muridan (Ma’nawiyyah)
Aliman (Ma’nawiyyah)
Hayyan (Ma’nawiyyah)
Mulberry leaves are thin, glossy,
and light green in color.
The shape of the leaf can be quite variable
even on the same tree. Some leaves have 5 lobes
while others have one lobe, two lobes,
three lobes, or no lobes at all.
Knowing His Commandment (Hukum)
• Syara’
– Taklifi
• wajib, haram, sunnat, makruh, harus
– Wadh’I
• Sebab , syarat, Mani’, Sah, Batal
• Akal
• Wajib, Mustahil, Jaiz
• Adat
• Wajib, Mustahil,, Jaiz
Wadh’i
• Reason (Sabab) : anything can cause the
situation to be implemented ; e.g.: no water
is reason for tayammum
• Condition (Syarat) : anything is should be
or compulsory to implement the thing or
situation like pure water is a condition in
order to be wudhu is valid.
Wadh’i
• Obstacle (mani’) : anything can obstruct the
situation or job from produce something. E.g.;
haidh obstruct from prayer and fasting.
• Validity (Sah) : any kind of job or situation is
assumed as a legal due to completion of condition
and covenant.
• Invalid (batal) : any kind of deed that uncompleted
because of uncompleted condition and covenant or
they have the obstruction against it.
Aqal
• Wajib : any decision that made by akal is must be
like that (logically). E.g.: the existence of God,
5x2=10
• Impossible : any decision that made by akal is
impossible to be like that. E.g.: no God, father is
younger than son/daughter.
• Jaiz : Anything could be accepted by akal either it
is existed or not. E.g.: today will rainy
Adat
• Wajib : anything according to adat could
happen like that but it’s not 100% happened
like that, it is possible to change.E.g.: fire
can burning, eating can repleting,
• Impossible : anything couldn’t happen
according to adat. E.g.: Men can birth
• Jaiz : anything could usually happen. E.g.:
rich can be poor or poor can be rich
Matters That Abrogate Syahadat
•
‫حدثني هارون بن سعيد األيلي حدثنا ابن وهب قال حدثني سليمان بن‬
‫بالل عن ثور بن زيد عن أبي الغيث عن أبي هريرة‬
‫أن رسول هللا صلى هللا عليه وسلم قال اجتنبوا السبع الموبقات قيل يا‬
‫رسول هللا وما هن قال الشرك باهلل والسحر وقتل النفس التي حرم هللا إال‬
‫بالحق وأكل مال اليتيم وأكل‬
‫الربا والتولي يوم الزحف وقذف المحصنات الغافالت المؤمنات‬
• Abu Hurairah, may Allah be pleased with him, reported:
Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) observed: Avoid the seven
most grievous sins. (The hearers) asked: What are they, Allah's
Messenger? He (the Holy Prophet) replied: Associating anything with
Allah, magic, killing of one whom Allah has declared inviolate without
a just cause, devouring the property of an orphan, dealing in usury,
fleeing on the day of fighting, and calumniating the chaste, innocent,
believing women.
Syahadah
• Matters That Abrogate Syahadat
– 1.rely and depend on other than Allah
– 2.does not admit that all bounties either
material things or internal satisfaction are come
from Allah
– 3.worship other than Allah (diverted intention)
– 4.give a total right to other than Allah in
creating syariah law
Matters That Abrogate Syahadat
– 5.To follow other than Allah except with His
permission (parents, husband, teacher, leader)
• ‫ك بِ ِه ِع ْل ٌم فَ َال‬
َ َ‫ْس ل‬
َ ‫ك َعلى أَن تُ ْش ِر‬
َ ‫َوإِن َجاهَ َدا‬
َ ‫ك بِي َما لَي‬
‫اب‬
َ َ‫اح ْبهُ َما فِي ال ُّد ْنيَا َم ْع ُروفًا َواتَّبِ ْع َسبِي َل َم ْن أَن‬
َ ‫تُ ِط ْعهُ َما َو‬
ِ ‫ص‬
‫ون‬
َ ُ‫ي َمرْ ِج ُع ُك ْم فَأُنَبِّئُ ُكم بِ َما ُكنتُ ْم تَ ْع َمل‬
َّ َ‫ي ثُ َّم إِل‬
َّ َ‫إِل‬
– And if they contend with you that you should associate
with Me what you have no knowledge of, do not obey
them, and keep company with them in this world kindly,
and follow the way of him who turns to Me, then to Me is
your return, then will I inform you of what you did
(luqman:15)
Matters That Abrogate Syahadat
– 6.hatred feelings towards Islam.
– 7.To permit what is prohibited and prohibit
what is permissible.
– 8.Does not believe with Quranic verses and
prophet’s tradition
– 9.rectify the leadership of non-Muslim and
munafiq
Matters That Abrogate Syahadat
– 10.Practice rites and rituals other than Islam
that he should not do
– 11.accuse a Muslim as non-Muslim and not
assume non-Muslim as they are
Solat
• Meaning:
– comprises of words and actions that begin
with takbir and end with the salam.
• The pillars of solat
• The valid condition of solat
• The compulsory condition of solat
Fasting during Ramadhan
• Meaning:
– Ritual abstention at day time from the daybreak
to sunset from allowing whether deliberately or
mistaken anything to enter the stomach or any
other parts of body which falls under the same
legal judgement as the stomach
• The condition of fasting
• The things that can annul fasting
Zakat
• Zakat means grow (in goodness) or
'increase', 'purifying' or 'making pure'. So
the act of giving zakat means purifying
one's wealth to gain Allah's blessing to
make it grow in goodness
• ‫ص َدقَةً تُطَهِّ ُرهُ ْم َوتُ َز ِّكي ِهم بِهَا‬
َ ‫ُخ ْذ ِم ْن أَ ْم َوالِ ِه ْم‬
‫ك َس َك ٌن لَّهُ ْم َو ه‬
‫هللاُ َس ِمي ٌع‬
َ َ‫صالَت‬
َ ‫ص ِّل َعلَ ْي ِه ْم إِ َّن‬
َ ‫َو‬
‫َعلِي ٌم‬
Take alms out of their property, you
would cleanse them and purify them
thereby, and pray for them; surely your
prayer is a relief to them; and Allah is
Hearing, Knowing ( Al-Taubah:103 ).
Zakat
• 2 types:
(1) Zakat On property
It is compulsory to give Zakat on the following
types of property:
(1) Livestock e.g.. goats, camels, and cows;
(2) Cereals e.g.. rice, corn and wheat;
(3) Fruits e.g.. Dates and Grapes only;
(4) Gold and Silver (includes foreign-exchange,
valuable notes and savings);
(5) Minerals and buried treasure;
(6) Stocks (goods to be traded).
• (2) Zakat Fitrah (Zakat on yourself)
It is a means of 'purifying' the act of fasting (which is
the fourth principle of Islam) in the month of
Ramadhan as we might have unconsciously committed
certain sins while performing the fast. Also, the
proceeds will help to lighten the burden of the poor and
other needy groups.
Zakat Fitrah is compulsory (wajib) to all Muslims. It is
compulsory that the item to be given away as Zakat
Fitrah is the staple food of that country. In many
countries in Asia, the staple food is rice. Hence, the
amount to be given is about 2.3 kilograms of rice. For
practical purposes, the monetary equivalent of that
amount is allowed to be used as Zakat Fitrah.
‫‪The person who are qualified‬‬
‫ْ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ص َدقَ ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫إِنَّ َما ال َّ‬
‫ين َو ْال َعا ِملِي َن •‬
‫ك‬
‫ا‬
‫س‬
‫م‬
‫ال‬
‫و‬
‫اء‬
‫ر‬
‫ق‬
‫ف‬
‫ل‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ات لِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ْ‬
‫َّ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ين‬
‫غ‬
‫ال‬
‫و‬
‫ب‬
‫ا‬
‫ق‬
‫ر‬
‫ال‬
‫ي‬
‫ف‬
‫و‬
‫م‬
‫ه‬
‫ب‬
‫و‬
‫ل‬
‫ق‬
‫ة‬
‫ف‬
‫ل‬
‫ؤ‬
‫م‬
‫ال‬
‫َعلَ ْيهَا َو‬
‫ُ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ِّ‬
‫ار ِم َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫هللاِ َو ه‬
‫ضةً ِّم َن ه‬
‫ه‬
‫ْ‬
‫َّ‬
‫ب‬
‫س‬
‫ال‬
‫ن‬
‫ب‬
‫ا‬
‫و‬
‫هللا‬
‫يل‬
‫هللاُ‬
‫يل فَ ِري َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫َوفِي َسبِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َعلِي ٌم َح ِكي ٌم‬
• Fakir - One who has neither material possessions nor means of
livelihood.
• Miskin - One with insufficient means of livelihood to meet basic needs.
• Amil - One who is appointed to collect zakat.
• Muallaf - One who converts to Islam.
• Riqab - One who wants to free himself from bondage or the shackles of
slavery.
• Gharmin - One who is in debt (money borrowed to meet basic, halal
expenditure).
• Fisabillillah - One who fights for the cause of Allah.
• Ibnus Sabil - One who is stranded in journey.
Performing Hajj
• Literally: The word "Hajj" means heading
for an honorable person or place.
• Legally: Hajj means worshipping Allah by
performing the Hajj rituals, which are
defined as specific acts performed at a
specific time and place in a specific way.
• The Rules of Hajj:
1. Ihram
2. Standing by `Arafah
3. Ifadah Circumambulation
4. Sa`i between Safa and Marwah
5. Shave or trim or cut hair
6. Done in order
Characteristic of Islam
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Al-Rabbaniyyah
Al-Syumul
Al-Wasatiyyah/Al-Tawazun
Al-Thabat wa Al-Murunah
Al-Waqi’iyyah
Al-Ijabiyyah
Al-Inqilabiyyah
Al-Rabbaniyah
• Objective and purpose
– To know the objective of life
– Recognize the stage of
preferences
– Free from internal conflicts,
anxiety and individualism
Problem
• Argue about the life
• Argue about the invisible
matter
Solution
• The concept of similarity
• The concept of taqwa
• Refusing of assabiyyah
• Sources and methods
– Al-quran
– Al-hadith
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mutawatir
Masyhur
Ahad
Sahih
Hassan
Daif
Maudu’
– Ijma’
• Kubra
• Sukuti
– Qiyas
Al-Syumul
• The universality of
Islamic Revelation
– The sealed messenger
of God who came to
complete the message
of his fellow prophets
• The universality of
Islamic teaching
– Aqidah
– Syariah
– Morality
Al-wasatiyyah
• The features
– Aqidah
• Clear
– Morality
• Integratin of two
elements (human
intellect and lust)
– Syariah
• The advantages
– Justice
– Straight path
– Evidences of all
goodness
– Peace
– Evidence of strength
Al-Rabbaniyyah
• Can be divided into:
– a. objective and concentration
– b. source and method
Al-Rabbaniyyah As An Objective
• Know the objective of life
– To know our god by observing His creation
– as a garden to plant as much as u can
• To recognize the stage of preferences
– fiqh al-awlawiyat
• to free someone oneself from internal
conficts and anxiety about servant and his
God
– the 20 attributes of Allah
Al-Rabbaniyyah As An Objective
(cont..)
• To free oneself from individualism
– the concept of ta`awun
• Tithe
• Sadaqah
– the concept of similarity
• Taqwa
• Refusing the concept of assabiyyah
Al-Rabbaniyyah As A Source &
Method
• Mujma’ Alaih (Undisputed Sources)
– Al-Quran
– Al-Hadith
• Muttafaq Alaih
– Ijma’ (Consensus)
– Qiyas
• Mukhtalaf Fih
– Istihsan, Maslahah Mursalah, Al-Urf, Istishab
Al-Quran
• Date of Nuzul:
– 17 Ramadhan 13 BH/6 August 632M
•
•
•
•
Total of Verses : 114
Total of sentences : 6666
Total of Words : 77,450
Total of Letter : 1,025,000
Al-Quran (cont..)
• Content:
–
–
–
–
–
Munakahat (70 sentences)
Muamalat (70 sentences)
Jinayah (30 sentences)
Economy and Finance (10)
Solat, Fasting, Tithe, Pilgrime (147)
Hadith
• Can be divided into 2 types according to the
numbers of reporters:
– Mutawatir
– Masyhur
– Ahad
• Gharib
• Aziz
• Mustafid
Hadith (cont..)
• According to the status of Rawi and Isnad:
– Sahih
• Adil
• Dhabit
– Hassan
– Dai’if
– Maudu’
Hadith (cont..)
• The most famous & credibility of the book
of hadith
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sahih Bukhari
Sahih Muslim
Sunan Abu Daud
Sunan At-Tirmizi
Sunan An-Nasa’I
Sunan Ibn Majah
Ijmak (Concensus)
• Definition: The agreement among the
mujtahid
• Two types:
– Ijma’ Kubra
– Ijma’ Sukuti
Qiyas
• Definition : Analogy
• Covenant :
–
–
–
–
previous problem which had the commanded
New problem/cases
the origin of commandment
the reason (illat)
• Zakat of rice
Al-Syumul
• The universality of Islamic Revelation
– the sealed messenger of God who came to complete the message of
his fellow prophets
ُ ‫ض‬
ُ ‫ت لَ ُك ْم ِدينَ ُك ْم َوأَ ْت َم ْم‬
ُ ‫ْاليَ ْو َم أَ ْك َم ْل‬
– ‫اإل ْسالَ َم ِدينًا‬
ِ ‫ت َعلَ ْي ُك ْم نِ ْع َمتِي َو َر‬
ِ ‫يت لَ ُك ُم‬
• This day have I perfected for you your religion and completed My
favor on you and chosen for you Islam as a religion (Maidah:3)
• The universality of Islamic teaching
– aqidah
– submission
– morality
Al-Wasatiyyah/Al-Tawazun
• Islam reject total seclusion of the worldly
life or live a life of a hermit
• Calls the Muslim to have a perfect balance
َّ ‫ك‬
– ‫ك ِم َن ال ُّد ْنيَا‬
َ َ ‫صيب‬
َ ‫َوا ْبتَ ِغ فِي َما آتَا‬
َ َ‫هللاُ ال َّدا َر ْاْل ِخ َرةَ َو َال ت‬
ِ َ‫نس ن‬
َّ ‫ض إِ َّن‬
َّ ‫َوأَحْ ِسن َك َما أَحْ َس َن‬
‫هللاَ َال‬
َ ‫هللاُ إِلَ ْي‬
ِ ْ‫ك َو َال تَ ْب ِغ ْالفَ َسا َد فِي ْاألَر‬
‫ين‬
َ ‫ي ُِحبُّ ْال ُم ْف ِس ِد‬
• And seek by means of what Allah has given you the
future abode, and do not neglect your portion of this
world, and do good (to others) as Allah has done
good to you, and do not seek to make mischief in the
land, surely Allah does not love the mischief-makers
(Qasas:77)
• Advantages:
– Justice /fairness
ٌ ‫ين آ َمنُوا إِن َجاء ُك ْم فَا ِس‬
• ‫صيبُوا قَ ْو ًما بِ َجهَالَ ٍة فَتُصْ بِحُوا َعلَى َما فَ َع ْلتُ ْم‬
َ ‫يَا أَيُّهَا الَّ ِذ‬
ِ ُ‫ق بِنَبَأ ٍ فَتَبَيَّنُوا أَن ت‬
‫ين‬
َ ‫نَا ِد ِم‬
– “O ye who believe! If an evil-liver bring you tidings, verify it, lest ye
smite some folk in ignorance and afterward repent of what ye did.”
– straight path
• ‫اه ِدنَـا الص َِّراطَ ال ُمستَقِي َم‬
َ ‫ين أَن َع‬
َّ ‫ب َعلَي ِه ْم َوالَ ال‬
• ‫ين‬
َ ِّ‫ضال‬
َ ‫ص َراطَ الَّ ِذ‬
ِ ‫ير ال َمغضُو‬
ِ
ِ ‫مت َعلَي ِه ْم َغ‬
– “Show us the straight path ; The path of those whom Thou hast favored;
Not the (path) of those who earn Thine anger nor of those who go astray”
– evidences of all goodness
– Peace
ْ ‫ين ا ْقتَتَلُوا فَأَصْ لِحُوا بَ ْينَهُ َما فَإِن بَ َغ‬
• ‫ت إِحْ َداهُ َما َعلَى ْاألُ ْخ َرى فَقَاتِلُوا الَّتِي‬
َ ِ‫َوإِن طَائِفَتَا ِن ِم َن ْال ُم ْؤ ِمن‬
َّ ‫اءت فَأَصْ لِحُوا بَ ْينَهُ َما بِ ْال َع ْد ِل َوأَ ْق ِسطُوا إِ َّن‬
َّ ‫تَ ْب ِغي َحتَّى تَفِي َء إِلَى أَ ْم ِر‬
ْ َ‫هللاِ فَإِن ف‬
ُّ‫هللاَ يُ ِحب‬
‫ين‬
َ ‫ْال ُم ْق ِس ِط‬
– And if two parties of the believers quarrel, make peace between them;
but if one of them acts wrongfully towards the other, fight that which
acts wrongfully until it returns to Allah's command; then if it returns,
make peace between them with justice and act equitably; surely Allah
loves those who act equitably.
– evidences of strength
• Features of moderation
– Aqidah
– Submission
– Morality
• integration of two elements (human intellect and
lust)
– Syariah
Al-Thabat wa Al-Murunah
• The aspect which have been fixed are:
– basic principles of Islam
• E.g.: tauhid, articles of faith
– objective and purposes
• E.g.: fairness, similarity etc
– religion values and morality
• Respect, tolerate, kindness etc
• The aspect which are changeable:
– matter which are related to branches of religion
• Establishment of law
• Rules in society and state
– methods and techniques
• The way to implement
– worldly and knowledge affairs
• Studying, Working, Career, Property,
Al-Waqi’iyyah
the idealism, faith, believe is also based on
the reality of the surrounding,
circumstances and accommodating
– The culture, situation and condition in the place
will put into the consideration in implementing
hukum and law
Al-Ijabiyyah
• Two ways Interactions between Allah and
human being, and also between human
being among them.
– Specific and general ibadah
• Rule out the means to communicate with
Allah
• man cannot create the means to submit the
creator, man must accept the way of Allah
has chosen to him.
Ibadah
•
•
•
•
•
Definition
Concept
Specific
General
Applying Moderation
Definition
• Total submission and obedient physically
and mentally based on a belief that the one
whom is worshipped almighty honor and
will power that will induce the feeling of
degradation and affection.
Concept
• Covered all human activities physically and
spiritually
• Covered all worldly and Hereafter affairs
• Main condition
– sincere oneself in performing
The grouping of Ibadah
• Specific - in time,place,conditionally,
directionally and with specific actions
–
–
–
–
prayer
fasting
pay the tithe
perform the pilgrimage
• General - individual, society, leadership, the
whole life