Transcript CODE/ CODE SWITCHING

CODE/ CODE SWITCHING
code-switching is the concurrent use of
more than one language, or language
variety, in conversation.
 code-switching is the use of more
than one linguistic variety in a
manner consistent with the syntax
and phonology of each variety.


Multilinguals - people who speak more
than one language - sometimes use
elements of multiple languages in
conversing with each other.
A loanword (or loan word) is a word
borrowed from one language and
incorporated into another.
 A calque or loan translation is a
related concept where the meaning or
idiom is borrowed rather than the lexical
item itself..

A pidgin
A pidgin ( /ˈpɪdʒɪn/), or pidgin language, is a
simplified language that develops as a means
of communication between two or more
groups that do not have a language in
common
 . A pidgin is not the native language of any
speech community, but is instead learned as
a second language. A pidgin may be built
from words, sounds, or body language from
multiple other languages and cultures. Pidgins
usually have low prestige with respect to
other languages.

A Creole


is a stable natural language developed from
the mixing of parent languages; creoles differ
from pidgins in that they have been nativized
by children as their primary language, making
them have features of natural languages that
are normally missing from pidgins.
The vocabulary of a creole language consists
of cognates from the parent languages,
though there are often clear phonetic and
semantic shifts.
Language transfer

Language transfer (language
interference) refers to speakers or
writers applying knowledge from their
native language to a second language.
Code mixing

Code mixing is a thematically related
term, but the usage of the terms codeswitching and code-mixing varies. Some
scholars use either term to denote the
same practice, while others apply codemixing to denote the formal linguistic
properties of said language-contact
phenomena, and code-switching to
denote the actual, spoken usages by
multilingual persons.
Social motivations for codeswitching

Code-switching relates to, and sometimes
indexes social-group membership in
bilingual and multilingual communities.
Some sociolinguists describe the
relationships between code-switching
behaviors and class, ethnicity, and other
social positions. In addition, scholars in
interactional linguistics and conversation
analysis have studied code-switching as a
means of structuring talk in interaction.
diglossia

, diglossia ( /daɪˈɡlɒsiə/; two languages)
refers to a situation in which two dialects or
languages are used by a single language
community. In addition to the community's
everyday or vernacular language variety
(labeled "L" or "low" variety), a second,
highly codified variety (labeled "H" or "high")
is used in certain situations such as
literature, formal education, or other specific
settings, but not used for ordinary
conversation
Convergence

Convergence - is a type of contactinduced change whereby languages with
many bilingual speakers mutually borrow
morphological and syntactic features,
making their typology more similar.
Mechanics of code-switching


Mechanics of code-switching
Code-switching mostly occurs where the
syntaxes of the languages align in a sentence;
thus, it is uncommon to switch from English
to French after an adjective and before a
noun, because, in French, adjectives usually
follow nouns. Even unrelated languages often
align syntactically at a relative clause
boundary or at the boundary of other
sentence sub-structures.
Borrowing / code-switching;

the difference between borrowing
(loanword usage) and code-switching;
generally, borrowing occurs in the lexicon,
while code-switching occurs at either the
syntax level or the utterance-construction
level.
Some proposed constraints are
The Free-morpheme Constraint: code-switching cannot occur
between bound morphemes.
 The Equivalence Constraint: code-switching can occur only in
positions where "the order of any two sentence elements, one
before and one after the switch, is not excluded in either language."
Thus, the sentence: "I like you porque eres simpático." ("I like you
because you are nice.") is allowed because it obeys the relative
clause formation rules of Spanish and English.
 The Closed-class Constraint: closed class items (pronouns,
prepositions, conjunctions, etc.), cannot be switched.
 The Matrix Language Frame model distinguishes the roles of the
participant languages
 The Functional Head Constraint: code-switching cannot occur
between a functional head (a complementizer, a determiner, an
inflection, etc.) and its complement (sentence, noun-phrase, verbphrase).
Types of switching





Scholars use different names for various types of
code-switching.
Intersentential switching occurs outside the
sentence or the clause level (i.e. at sentence or
clause boundaries).[27] It is sometimes called
"extrasentential" switching.
Intra-sentential switching occurs within a
sentence or a clause.
Tag-switching is the switching of either a tag
phrase or a word, or both, from language-B to
language-A, (common intra-sentential switches)
Intra-word switching occurs within a word, itself,
such as at a morpheme boundary.