Transcript Slide 1
Avian Influenza
What, Where, When
Anthony Pescatore
Department of Animal Sciences
University of Kentucky
Avian Influenza in the US
is NOT the same Virus as
“Bird” Flu in Asia (H5N1)
Avian Influenza
Nomenclature
Birds: Influenza A type virus
Influenza A is divided into Subtypes based on
their surface proteins:
Hemagglutinin (HA): 16 subtypes
Neuraminidase (NA): 9 subtypes
H5N1-Hemagglutinin subtype 5
Neuraminidase subtype 1
Influenzavirus A
Host of Origin
Mammalia
HA
Subtype
H1
H2
H3
H4/6
H5
H7
H8
H9
H10/11
H12
H13
H14
H15
Human
Swine
+
+
+
+
+
±
±
±
Aves
Equine
+
+
±
Domestic
Ducks Shorebirds Poultry
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
++
++
+
++
+
+
Poultry FAD 2005
Characteristics of AI in Birds
Shore and Water Fowl act as Hosts
Ability to get disease vary for species
Birds shed virus in saliva, nasal discharge
and feces
Spread by contact with discharge or feces
Fecal-to-oral transmission most likely
Transmission & Host Adaptation
of Influenza A Viruses
Most Common: Intraspecies, e.g. human-to- human, pigto-pig, chicken- to-chicken, etc.
Occasional: Interspecies & intraclass, e.g. pig-to- human,
wild-mallard-to-domestic turkey, etc.
Recently, but rarely: Interspecies & interclass, e.g. bird-tohuman, bird-to-pig, etc.
Conclusion: Influenza viruses express host adaptation to
various levels
Poultry FAD 2005
Countries affected by H5N1 in Asia
China
As of October 29, 2005
Cambodia
Russia
Japan
Korea
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Malaysia
Kazakhstan
Indonesia
What is Different in Asia
Higher degree of bird and human contact
Village fowl
City situation overcrowded: birds and people
live together
Live bird markets
Fighting Cocks major activity
More small flocks and manual labor
U. S. CONCERNS - HUMAN
4 Billion appropriated from defense budget
Vaccine studies in Asia
Naive population
117 cases confirmed human infections in
Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia
with a 51% mortality rate
United States Situation
The US is concerned with keeping the “Bird Flu” out
through embargoes
The US problem is a different strain and concern is bird
related not a human concern
Low path (LPAI) vs. High path (HPAI) refers to how to
dangerous the virus is to poultry
LPAI is present in NY/NJ live markets
Important of exports (34 countries have partial or full ban)
Outbreaks in North America among Poultry
2004
Texas: H5N2: HPAI First in 20 years
7,000 birds and Houston Live Market
Eradicated
Maryland: H7N2: LPAI: related to Delaware break
Pennsylvania: H2N2: LPAI: Infected layer flock
Delaware and NJ: H7N2: LPAI: Two farms in Delaware
and 4 live markets in NJ.
British Columbia: H7N3: HPAI: Depopulated all poultry in
the Fraser Valley. Repopulated
What is being done in US
Voluntary (mandatory) surveillance program
Must test for exports
Mandatory surveillance of live bird markets in NY, NJ and
east coast
Increase awareness among poultry health officials and state
officials
USDA increase information to small flocks producers
Import ban on poultry from Asia
What is being done in Kentucky?
•Commercial Surveillance Program
•Poultry Health Advisory Board
•Emergency Disease Plan
•Catastrophic Loss Training
•Creation of an indemnity fund for small flocks
($102,000) by commercial industry
What can you and small producers do?
•Biosecurity
•Personal Hygiene
Wash your hands, Wash your hands, Wash your hands
•Separate clothes and boots for the poultry
•Protective gear if creating an aerosol
•Be aware of where you have been
•Get sick birds to a diagnostic lab
•If you have a poultry event schedule in your county
let the State Veterinarian Office know.
Summary
The situation in Asia will get worse before it
is under control
The threat to North America is by the
transfer of the disease by a human carrier
The US will increase programs to control
Low Path Avian Influenza
The media will get burnout on the story
Trouble Shooting the Small Flock
Tony Pescatore
Extension Professor
Department of Animal Sciences
Agent Training
2005
1. Quantity, Age, and Types of Birds on Farm
• Important when dealing with mix species,
mixed ages,
• What birds have the problem
2. What is the source of the birds?
• Multiple sources, new birds on farm, age of
birds when purchased, NPIP hatchery
3. What feed is being fed to the birds?
List all feeds and the amount or proportion.
•Poultry need a complete feed that contains protein,
energy, vitamins and minerals.
•Laying hens need diets that are 14-16%
•Broiler starter diets contain 20-22%
•Broiler grower diets contain 18-20%
•Turkeys, game birds and other fowl need higher protein.
•Cracked corn and scratch grains do not supply needed
nutrition.
•1/4 pound per bird per day
•10 to 12 pounds of feed / broiler
4. How is water supplied ?
What is the source of water?
•Clean fresh water
•Pond vs. City water
•Clean mold free drinkers
•Winter: Frozen water lines and drinkers
•Summer: Heat build up / flush lines
•Opaque water lines and reservoirs
•5 gallons of water / 100 laying hens or market ready
broilers
•Double water consumption in warm weather
How are the birds housed and what is the
amount of room per bird?
•No matter the housing system you can over crowd the
birds.
•Feeder space and water space can cause crowding. (all
birds can eat at one time)
2 inches – 4 inches per bird
•Cannibalism, reduced feed consumption, feather
picking, stress
•Chickens need at least 2.5 sq ft per bird on the floor
and 80 sq inches of cage space
•Turkeys need 3 to 4 times the space of chickens
•Game birds need extra room to prevent cannibalism
Pastured Poultry
Free range
6. What symptoms do the birds exhibit?
•Listless
•Limber neck
•Paralysis
•Visible External Parasites
•Loose/watery Droppings
•Poor Growth
•Blood in Droppings
•Skin Lesions
•Coughing/Nasal Rattle
•Curled Toes
•Nasal Discharge
•Swollen Head
•Swollen Eyes
•Poor Shell Quality
•Cannibalism, pecking/feather
picking
•Swollen Hocks
•Drop in Egg Production
•Other
•Crusted or swollen scales
7. Have any birds died (How many and when)?
•Which birds: age, species, what subpopulation
8. Have birds been sent to a diagnostic lab? Which lab?
Who is the submitting veterinarian?
•There is a charge at the labs. Cap of $55 for five birds
•The birds need to be submitted by a veterinarian
9. What vaccination program is being used on the farm?
List type and date of each vaccination.
•Vaccinate at the hatchery for Marek’s Disease
•No other vaccine unless a history of disease on premises
10. Is there a history of this type of disease or symptom?
11. What Lighting Program are the birds on?
Natural Light, Natural Light + Supplemental Light, Artificial Light
How much light (Hours / Day) do the birds receive?
•To lay year round need supplemental light for a day
length of 14-16 hours of light
•Birds on natural light will go out of production after
the first of the year because of short day length and
will return to production in spring with increasing
day length
•Constant light of 24 hours will cause the birds to go
out of production
•A 60 watt bulb eight feet above the birds gives
enough light in a 10 x 10 area
12. Which of the following condition exists on the farm?
•Clean and Neat
•Build up of wet litter or bedding in pens
•Good ground cover in outside pens or runs
•Muddy runs or outside pens with poor drainage
•Feed is properly stored and provided fresh daily
•Feed is stored in extreme conditions cold or hot
•Moldy or cake feed in feeders
•Table scrapes are laying in pens or runs
12. Which of the following condition exists on the farm?
•Waterer or drinkers are clean regularly
•Waterer or drinkers are dirty and not clean
•Rodents or pest present
•Wild birds have excess to buildings or feeders
•Poultry on farm are isolated from other animals
12. Which of the following condition exists on the farm?
•No new birds are brought on to the farm except as chicks
•New birds have been added to the flock within the last two months
•The owner has attended a poultry show or swap meet or exhibited
birds
•Birds that have been to shows or swap meets are kept isolated for
30 days when returned to the farm
•Birds at shows and swap meets are added immediately to the
flock
•Different species of birds are kept separate from each other
(chicken and turkeys are not mixed)
•All species of birds are raised together with no separation
•Contact with commercial poultry