Transcript Document

The First Regional Meeting Global Environmental
Facility (GEF) Supported Countries in EMR
Muscat, Oman, 6-8 March 2006
Vector Control Situation
Within the Context of SC
In Sudan
Mustafa Y.H. Dukeen
Ahmed M. El Hindi
Ahlam H. Ahmed
Hmooda Toto
CONTENTS:
Fast Fact on Sudan,
Principle Vectors of Disease & Distribution in Sudan,
Multiple Preventions (Evidence-based & cost effective intervention),
Vector Control Activities According to Stratification,
The Current Vector Control Interventions (tools & methods used),
Pesticide management practices, including policy and legislative
frameworks,
The status, quantities and management of obsolete pesticide
stockpiles, current constraints and needs,
The existing mechanisms for intersectoral collaboration on vector
control.
Fast Fact on Sudan:
Location: G. coordinates:
15 000 N, 30 000 E,
Population: 34,475,690,
Area:
. total: 2,505,810 sq km
. land: 2,376,000 sq km
. water: 129,810 sq km
Climate:
tropical in south;
arid desert in north;
rainy season (April to October),
River Nile & tributaries: prominent feature.
Vector Control Program Focus:
Principle Vectors of Disease & Their
Distribution in Sudan,
The current vector control
interventions (tools & methods);
The pesticide management practices,
The status, quantities & management
of obsolete pesticide stockpiles
(current constraints & needs);
The existing mechanisms for
intersectoral collaboration on vector
control;
Principle Vectors of Disease
& Their Distribution in Sudan
1. Malaria Vectors :
Anopheles arabiensis: all over country, arid
zones,
Anopheles gambiae:
habitats,
more humid & forested
Anopheles funestus :
habitat,
more humid & forested
Anopheles pharoensis & Anopheles nili: potential vectors
Principle Vectors of Disease &
Their Distribution in Sudan
2. Leishmaniasis Vectors :
Phlebotomus papatasi: savannah & desert fridges
Phlebotomus orientalis:
Gedarif, Sennar,
Blue Nile, Unity & Old Upper Nile States
3. Onchocerciasis Vectors :
Simulum damnosum & S. surbanum:
South west Sudan
(Bahr El Ghazal & Bahr Al Arab mainly) &
Abu hamad focus,
Principle Vectors of Disease &
Their Distribution in Sudan
4.Trypansomiasis Vectors (Gambiensis
& Rhodesiensis):
Glossina palpalis ,G.moristans & G. foscus:
Mainly riverine & forest habitats in
Southern Sudan,
5. Other vector-borne diseases:
– Bancroftian filariasis : (mosquitoes),
– Arboviruses: (mosquitoes mainly),
– Other vectors/pests of PH importance: flies …
The Current Vector Control
Interventions
(tools and methods used)
Malaria & Other VBDs Control
Malaria & Other VBDs Control
is based on:
a variety of strategies to
respond to the
epidemiological heterogeneity
of the disease
Malaria & other VBDs Burden in Sudan
> 50% of malaria cases in EMR reported from Sudan
The whole country is endemic with malaria
All population at risk of malaria
80% of population live in epidemic-prone areas
Annual records on malaria accounts for:
- 7.5 - 8.0 million cases
- 35000 deaths
- Loss in working days
- Treatment cost
Other VBDs (Leishmaniasis, Onchocerciasis, A. Sleeping
Sickness and recently Y.F. & D.F.
Vector Control Management Strategies:
IVM implementation:
Main IVM components according to stratification: ITNs, IRS,
chemical Larviciding environmental & IPT.
Focus at present: ITNs & DDT alternatives on VBDs control
Implementation limitations: budget availability
Malaria Control annual budget ~ 3.2 million US$
. VC comprising ~ 1/3 of the overall budget,
. Proportion of ann. local budget ~ 1.92 m US$
. Proportion of ann. Exter. budget ~ 1.28m US$
Monitoring & Evaluation
Operational Research
Multiple Prevention
(Evidence-based & cost effective intervention):
Scale up ITNs
Expand IPT use
Selective Vector Control Options based on
local Epidemiological Stratification :
IRS: Indoor Residual Spraying
CL: Chemical Larviciding
EM: Environmental Management
SIT: Sterile Insect Technique
Biological Control (BC)
VECTOR CONTROL ACTIVITIES
ACCORDING TO STRATIFICATION
ITNs
CL
EM
SIT
LF (potential)
IPT
perineal
(Intervention component)
Irrigated
Seasonal
Urban
Desert
IRS
stratification
INTERVENTIONS
INSECTICIDES RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT
Summery Of Results: last update; 2006
Malathion : effective* all over the country except
Kassala, GZR, KRT & SEN States
Fenitrothion : effective* all over the country
Deltamethrin : effective* all over the country
Permethrin: effective* all over the country except
KRT
DDT : Effective all over the country except ;
KRT,GZR, Kassala & States (restricted).
Bendiocarb : effective* all over the country
* > 98% mortality among tested mosquitoes ( An. arabiensis )
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility
Tests at Khartoum, January 2006
Insecticide
Area
Al Shigailab
No. mosquitoes
tested
DDT
4%
100%
75
El Giraif Ssharq Average
95.2%
No. mosquitoes range:
tested
88 - 100
400
Al Ameir
No. mosquitoes
tested
100%
50
Permethri Bendeocarb Malathion
n 0.75%
%
5%
96 %
100%
50
x
280
Average
95.8%
range: 92 –
98
525
88.3%
50
100%
77%
300
325
x
64%
50
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility
Tests at Khartoum, January 2006 (contin.)
Insecticide
Area
Al Salama Al
Jadida
No. mosquitoes
tested
DDT
4%
88%
50
Soba Gharb
No. mosquitoes
tested
Al Faki Hashim
No. mosquitoes
tested
x
x
Permethrin Bendiocarb Malathion
0.75%
0.1%
5%
Average 96% 100%
range: 92 100
50
x
50
Average
95.4%
range: 88 100
400
100%
92%
50
100%
50
x
50
x
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility
Tests at Khartoum, January 2006 (contin.)
Insecticide DDT Permethrin Bendiocarb Malathion
4%
0.75%
0.1%
5%
Area
Jabra
No. mosquitoes
tested
Shambat
No. mosquitoes
tested
Arkaweet
No. mosquitoes
tested
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
89.10
75
x
70
75
x
100
125
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility
Tests at Khartoum state, Oct. –Dec..,‘05
Insecticide DDT
4%
Area
Soba
Burri
Kafori
Al Faki
Hasim
Deltamet Permethrin Fenetrothion Malathion
0.75%
1%
5%
hrin
0.05%
100
%
98.5
%
93%
99.2%
87.8%
100%
43%
98%
94%
100%
56.3%
98.5
84.3%
100%
44%
94%
98.5%
x
x
x
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility
Tests at northern state-Dongola, Jan 06.
Insecticide DDT
area
4%
Permethr Bendioca
in 0.75% rb 0.1%
Malathio
n 5%
Kaptood
97%
(100)
99%
(105)
100%
(100)
99%
(100)
99%
(100)
100%
(100)
100%
(100)
100%
(100)
100%
(100)
100%
(100)
100%
(100)
100%
(100)
(North
DONGOLA)
Akja
(DONGOLA
town)
Ertidi
(South
DONGOLA)
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility
Tests at New Halfa, Oct. –Dec.,‘05
Insecticide
Area
DDT 4%
Permethrin
0.75%
Bendeocarb
%
Malathion
5%
New Halfa
No. mosq.
tested
97.6%
245
100 %
280
100%
260
97.7%
260
El Girba
96.9%
160
99.4 %
160
99.4%
160
96.7%
120
99.6%
240
98.3%
240
100%
245
94.6%
240
No. mosquito.
tested
Kassala
No. mosquito.
tested
Insecticide Resistance Management
Use chemicals only when and where needed (IVM)
Continuous use of a single product
A shift to an other insecticide based on Resistance
Rotation & mosaic ( Agr. & P.H. Gezira St.)
Collaboration with Agriculture
Pesticide Management
Practices
(policy & legislative frameworks)
Pesticide Regulations in Sudan
Pesticide Act
Pesticide Act / 1974 amended to Pesticide and Pest Control Act / 1994;
Regulates all activities related to pesticides import, transport,
storage, uses, formulation …etc;
NPC ; a multidisciplinary inter-ministerial committee, which includes
representatives of all stakeholders; responsible for regulating Agric.,
Health and Vet. Pesticides,
Chaired by Under Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture & DG of
PPD as repertoire and Registrar;
Registrar is responsible for all administrative and executive functions;
Abroad umbrella law with various explanations and specific details
dealt with in seven relevant bylaws;
Pesticide Regulation in Sudan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pesticide Bylaws,
Trading and organization of the commercial handling of pesticides
and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002;
Pesticides and pest control products inspection bylaw for the
year2002;
Organization of the storage and transport of pesticides and pest
control products bylaw for the year 2002;
Protection of personnel dealing with pesticides and pest control
products bylaw for the year 2002;
Importation of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the
year 2002;
Registration of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the
year 2002;
Formulation of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the
year 2002;
The Registration System of
Pesticides in Sudan:
Form 1 for provisional registration submitted to NPC registrar;
The NPC passes the form to the technical committee to review the
information and either recommends to the NPC to reject or accept
the provisional registration of the pesticide;
Approval of provisional registration by NPC;
Test by relevant research institutions under local conditions;
Results of the test shall be approved by the NPDC which either
recommends (or rejects) to the NPC the registration for commercial
use;
NPC reviews the recommendation of the NPDC and either approves
it or rejects.
Product registered for commercial use;
Registration System of
Pesticides in Sudan:
– Method of testing should follow the approved protocol;
– Residues of the product tested in edible crops and/or the
environment should be within acceptable limits;
– Standard treatment (s) must be included in every field assay and
the standard should be an already registered product;
– Test products are only recommended if their biological
performance is as good as or better than that of the standard
products;
Registration Chart
Import &
Formulation license
Application for provisional
registration (form 1)
Review and recommendation
by the Technical committee of
the NPC
Consider the
recommendation of the
Technical committee by
the NPC
Provisional
registration
Commercial
registration (form II
and IV)
Approval of
commercial
registration by NPC
Review of results of field
testing by NPDC and
recommendation for
commercial registration
Field testing for 3 months
to 3 years (form III and V
for importation of samples
for testing)
The Status, Quantities and
Management of Obsolete
Pesticide Stockpiles
Summary of Quantities POPS
Pesticides, Contaminated Soil &
Containers in Sudan*
Item
POPS
Pesticides
(Tons)
Contaminated
soil (Tons)
Containers
(Tons)
Total
229.445
8,860.51
528.84
In addition to 901 Tons of cotton seeds
dressed with POPs Pesticides
* Source: Multi-stake-holders National Coordinating
Committee (MNCC) Inventory Report (2005)
Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, Contaminated
Soil & Containers Items in Different States of Sudan (2005)
No. Site
POPS
Cont.soil
(Ton)
Containers
(Ton)
1
2
3
4
Northern St.
River Nile St.
Khartoum St.
06.29
13.73
03.22
00.00
0203.10
0235.92
0016.80
0009.00
36.01
00.00
03.48
02.00
5
6
White Nile St. 04.18
Sennar & Blue
00.00
0396.40
1942.50
00.00
02.03
0005.00
0059.00
02.00
13.16
Gezira St.
Pesticides (tons)
Nile States
7
Red Sea St.
8.1 Kassala St.
00.04
58.82
Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, Contaminated
Soil & Containers Items in Different States of Sudan (2005)
No.
Site
POPS
8.2
Gedarif St.
8.3
9
10
11
12a
Cont.soil
(Tons)
Containers
(Tons)
00.00
008.00
01.00
(RAC.)
03.30
018.00
09.00
Bahr Eljabal
State (Juba)
W. Bahr
Elghazal St.
Upper Nile
St.
00.00
015.00
16.00
00.00
002.00
02.00
00.00
005.00
00.00
Gezira Sch.
(Managil)
12.17
315.40
42.55
Pesticides (tons)
Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, Contaminated
Soil & Containers Items in Different States of Sudan (2005)
No.
Site
12.b
Gezira Sch.
13.1
N. Kordofan
POPS
Pesticides (Tons)
2324.60
267.29
14.1
000.40
S. Kordofan 001.00
W.Kordofan 000.00
N. Dar Fur 130.30
1656.20
0628.92
0046.07
0730.60
074.01
001.89
000.00
018.10
14.2
S. Dar Fur
000.00
0153.00
024.22
14.3
W. Dar Fur
000.00
0090.00
013.10
13.2
13.3
-----
Cont.soil Containers
(Tons)
(Tons)
Current Status, Constraints &
Needs
Stockpiles of pesticides for public
health use are not creating a problem
at present
Main stockpiles are agricultural
pesticides
Storage is poor,
All stockpiles are piled together,
Hence contamination of the total
estimated quantity is inevitable
No facility for local disposal,
International efforts needed
The Existing Mechanisms for
Intersectoral Collaboration on
Vector Control
Existing Mechanisms for Intersectoral
Collaboration on Vector Control in Sudan
Coordination:
Federal Ministry Of Health( National Malaria Control Program,
Occupational Health Dept. & State M. of Health)
Multidisciplinary National Pesticide Council ( NPC):
Federal Ministry Of Health, Ministry Of Agriculture & Ministry Of Environment And
Tourism,responsible for developing regulations governing use of all insecticides,
including DDT,
Cooperation:
Ministry Of Agriculture & Ministry of Irrigation, water management,
Partnership:
NonGovernmental Organizations (NGOs), Community-based organizations (Sudanese
Women Union (SWU) & Private Sector e.g. ITNs,
Sudan National Inter- Sectoral Committee for Vector
Control Needs Assessment (VCNA)
FEDRAL M.
M. OF
ENVIRONMENT & OF HEALTH
TOURISM
RESOURCE
PERSON(S)
MINISTRY OF
AGRICULTURE
Vector Control
(IVM)
WATER
RESOURCES
M.of Science
& Technology
STATE
M. OF
HEALTH
Community-based
Organizations
(Sudanese Women
Union)
ACADEMIA
UN
Agencies
Pesticides
NGOs Company
thank you