Transcript Military Doctrine: A Reference Handbook

Military Doctrine: A Reference
Handbook
Purdue Libraries Brownbag
Presentation-November 4, 2009
What is Military Doctrine?
• The intellectual foundation for military forces
to launch, sustain, and conclude military
operations.
• Varies from country-to-country and individual
armed services branches depending on
existing national security and political
priorities and budgetary resources
Different Military Doctrine Emphases
• Guaranteeing security at the expense of other
countries.
• Guaranteeing national security by equalizing a
threat and stabilizing overall security
• Guaranteeing national security by increasing
other countries sense of security,
consequently weakening threat sources.
Countries Producing Military Doctrine
• Practically, all major developed countries
including U.S., United Kingdom, Russia, China,
India, Israel, Australia, etc.
• Many of these countries resources are publicly
accessible; particularly democratically governed
countries
• Military doctrine documents may cover overall
national military strategy, tactics and strategy for
individual armed services branches, and guidance
for specific kinds of military operations e.g.
airpower, amphibious assault
Who Produces Military Doctrine
Literature?
• National military command authorities-e.g.
U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, defense ministries,
professional military educational institutions,
armed services branches.
• Military doctrine is analyzed globally by
soldiers, historians, political scientists,
politicians, and research analysts in defense
oriented public policy research institutions
e.g. Rand Corporation.
Highlights of Post WWII U.S. Military
Doctrine History (Nuclear)
• 1960 Strategic Integrated Operation Plan
(SIOP)-Sought to integrate land, sea, and
aerial legs of U.S. nuclear weapons delivery
components or triad.
• Flexible response-Kennedy AdministrationU.S. response to Soviet military attacks would
involve a mixture of theatre nuclear forces
and conventional forces
Post WWII U.S. Military Doctrine
(Nuclear)
• Presidential Directive (PD) 59-1980-Stressed U.S.
nuclear targeting of enemy military targets
instead of cities.
• Strategic Defense Initiative 1983 on-Sought to
develop ballistic missile defenses and rejected
doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD).
• Nuclear Posture Reviews 1994, 2001, 2008Sought to describe U.S. nuclear weapons use
policies
U.S. Military Doctrine (Conventional
Forces)
• United States Air Force Doctrine (AFM) 1-1
(various years) –Overall guidance for Air Force
military strategy
• AFM 2-3 Air Operations in Conjunction With
Amphibious Operations (various years)
• Field Manuals (FM) often used to classify
military doctrine documents
Army Doctrine Documents
• FM 100-5 (Various years) basic army doctrinal
guidebook
• FM 3-24 (various years) Army guide to
conducting counterinsurgency operations
FM 3-24 Excerpt
• ELEMENTS OF INSURGENCY
• 1-59. Though insurgencies take many forms, most share some common
attributes. An insurgent organization
• normally consists of five elements:
• 􀁺 Movement leaders.
• 􀁺 Combatants (main, regional, and local forces [including militias]).
• 􀁺 Political cadre (also called militants or the party).
• 􀁺 Auxiliaries (active followers who provide important support services).
• 􀁺 Mass base (the bulk of the membership).
• 1-60. The proportion of each element relative to the larger movement
depends on the strategic approach
• the insurgency adopts. A conspiratorial approach does not pay much
attention to combatants or a mass
• base. Military-focused insurgencies downplay the importance of a political
cadre and emphasize military
Joint Electronic Library
• This Joint Chiefs of Staff compiled resource
www.dtic.mil/doctrine/ features literature on
U.S. military strategy combining the use of
two or more armed services branches in
combat operations. Examples of publications
include: JP 2-01.3 Joint Intelligence
Preparation of the Operational Environment
(2009) and JP 3-04 Joint Shipboard Helicopter
Operations (2008)
Joint Intelligence Preparation
of the Operational Environment
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Provides guidance regarding the establishment, composition, and
responsibilities of a joint intelligence preparation of the operational
environment (JIPOE) coordination cell at the joint force level.
• Emphasizes the need for analyzing relevant political, military, economic,
social, information, and infrastructure variables to help describe the impact
of the operational environment on mission accomplishment.
• Establishes a methodology for node-link analysis to support development of a
systems perspective of the operational environment.
• Explains how JIPOE products and procedures support joint force operation
planning, execution, and assessment.
• Describes the JIPOE responsibilities of joint force staff organizations and
national intelligence liaison personnel.
• Discusses special considerations for conducting JIPOE in support of stability
operations and irregular warfare, and to counter adversary use of
asymmetric approaches.
• Utilizes historical case studies to illustrate JIPOE processes during both
traditional and irregular warfare.
• Promulgates new definitions for “adversary template,”
Examples of Recent Foreign Military
Doctrine Documents
• Royal Australian Navy Seapower Centre
www.navy.gov.au/spc/-Australian Maritime
Doctrine
Australia-Understanding Maritime
Doctrine
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
THE PURPOSES OF MARITIME DOCTRINE
The Royal Australian Navy’s (RAN) mission is to:
• be able to fight and win in the maritime environment as an element of a joint or
combined force;
• assist in maintaining Australia’s sovereignty; and
• contribute to the security of our region.
The RAN is developed, structured, trained and supported to deliver combat power at
and from the sea. The Navy also needs to balance the maintenance of its combat
preparedness with the many requirements of peacetime operations and future capability
development. The successful fulfilment of every one of these elements depends upon
comprehensive and thoroughly understood maritime doctrine. As the Australian Defence
Force’s (ADF) keystone document on the subject states:
‘Military doctrine helps planners and commanders approach stressful,
dangerous, chaotic and unfamiliar situations with a clarity of thought based
on rigorous analysis, and comprehensive knowledge of hard-won lessons
from human history and national military experience’.1
India-Maritime Military Strategy 2007
Access to the Indian Ocean can be
controlled by several
choke points, through which much of
the world's commerce flows.
Indian Ocean Choke Points
Nine important passages provide
access into the Indian Ocean, of
which five are key energy Seas Lines Of
Communications (SLOC).
Diagram 3.1 shows the choke points in
IOR. Choking any one of them
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Doctrine
• CHAPTER 1
• THE PLACE OF CIMIC WITHIN NATO OPERATIONS
• 101 BACKGROUND
1. The Strategic Concept. Civil-military co-operation is not a new
phenomenon within NATO. Traditionally, however, it was seen as
presenting little more than a logistic challenge. NATO’s operations
beyond its own domestic borders, on territory devoid of fully
functioning civil institutions or effective infrastructure present
different and more complex challenges. Changes to the
environment in which NATO might potentially operate have led to
the development of a new Strategic Concept (SC 99)3. This
recognises a much wider range of threats to international security
than existed hitherto. In addition to continuing to provide for
collective defence, the Concept states that the Alliance must stand.
Ready “to contribute to effective conflict prevention and to engage..
Military Doctrine Debate Venues
Scholarly Books including publishers such as Frank Cass,
University Press of Kansas et. al.
Scholarly Journals-Parameters, Air and Space Power
Journal and other civilian and military journals
Websites-U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
et. al.
Blogs –e.g. Small Wars Journal Blog, Combined Arms
Center blog and social networking resources such as
Wikis and Twitter
Conference Proceedings
National security oriented think tanks
U.S. Military Doctrine debate topics
• How to effectively conduct counterinsurgency
operations
• Should the U.S. military pursue nation-building
when conducting military operations
• How to relate to civilians in areas of military
operations
• How to treat terrorist detainees
• Cooperation with allied nations and integration
with their military doctrinal practices
U.S. Military Doctrine Debate Topics
• Should U.S. military focus primarily on
counterinsurgency operations or should it
continue emphasizing conventional air, land,
sea doctrine as well as space doctrine and
information war.
• Current U.S. military emphasis leans toward
counterinsurgency operations. Proponents
include:
Counterinsurgency Preeminency
Proponents
• General David Petraeus-U.S. Central Command
leader
• John Nagl-Author of Learning to Eat Soup
With a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from
Malaya and Vietnam
• David Kilcullen-Author of The Accidental
Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of
a Big One.
Conventional Force Doctrine
Preeminency Supporters
• Gian Gentile-U.S. Military Academy HistorianAuthor of How Effective is Strategic Bombing?:
Lessons Learned from World War II and
Kosovo and numerous articles.
• Stephen Biddle-U.S. Army War College-Author
of Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare:
Implications for Army and Defense Policy
Conclusion
• Debate over the future direction of U.S.
military doctrine and the military doctrine of
foreign countries will continue and occur in a
variety of publicly accessible venues.
• This debate can help inform the public of the
critical importance of military doctrine in
shaping U.S. national and international
security policymaking.