Transcript World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age

World History Chapter 5
Section 1: Philosophy and the
Age of Reason
Scientific Process Promoted
•
Joseph Priestly &
Antoine Lavoisier –
modern chemistry
• Edward Jenner –
vaccine against small
pox
Trust in Human Reason
Natural Laws:
– Laws which govern
human nature
– Used to study human
behavior
Enlightenment –
revolution in thinking;
through use of
reason, people &
government could
solve every problem
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Social – between
people
Political – government
Economic – business
& industry
Social Contract
•
Agreement where people give up their
natural state for an organized society.
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
– Wrote Leviathan
– Believed people were
cruel, greedy &
selfish.
– Believed an absolute
monarch kept people
orderly
John Locke (1632-1704)
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Wrote Two Treatises of
Government)
Felt people had natural
rights – life, liberty &
property.
Government should
protect those rights but
have limited power
People have right to
overthrow any
government that doesn’t
protect those rights revolution
Baron de Montesquieu
(1689 – 1755)
– Wrote The Spirit of
the Laws
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Felt separation of
powers was the best
way to protect liberty
Separated branches
of government
– Executive – carries
out laws
– Legislative – passes
laws
– Judicial – interprets
laws
Philosophes
•
French enlightenment
thinkers who used
reason to bring about
change/reform in
government.
Voltaire (1694 – 1778)
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Defended freedom of
speech & thought
Spoke out against
corrupt government
officials & rich people
who didn’t work for
their money
Wrote against
inequality (slave
trade), injustice,
superstition and
prejudices
Was imprisoned &
forced into exile
Denis Diderot (1713 – 1784)
–
Wrote The Encyclopedia ,
28 vol. 20,000 copies)
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Explained new ideas on
government, philosophy
& religion
Spoke out against
slavery
Encouraged freedom of
speech & education to
everyone, not just the
wealthy
Goal was to change
thinking
Pope threatened to
excommunicate (kick
him out of the church)
Rousseau (1712 – 1778)
–
Wrote The Social
Contract
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•
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People were naturally
good, but corrupted
because of unequal
wealth
Government control over
people should be limited
& government should be
elected by people
Community, as a whole,
should be above
individual / “general will”
Most controversial
Women and the Enlightenment
• Enlightenment slogan: “free and equal”
did not apply to women
• When women argued for rights, they
were ridiculed
• Women’s rights were limited to the
home & within the family
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 – 1797)
Wrote A Vindication
of the Rights of
Women
– Wanted equal
rights for boys
and girls
– Believed once
women are
educated
should be
allowed to
participate in
government
Physiocrats
Thinkers who focused on economic reforms
• Economy is made up of
– Manufacturing (stuff that is made in
factory)
– Trade
– Wages (Money paid to workers)
– Profits (money earned)
– Economic growth
Laissez Faire
(Hands Off Government)
•
Allows businesses to operate without
government interference
– Opposed mercantilism (government
regulation of economy for favorable balance
of trade & acquiring wealth)
– Felt government should not be involved w/
economy & wealth comes from land being
more productive
– Supported free trade, opposed to tariffs
(taxes on trade)
Adam Smith (1723 – 1790)
Wrote A Wealth of Nations
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British
Believed free market
regulates business
activity
Supply and demand,
where there’s a
demand for goods,
suppliers will meet it
because of economic
rewards
Felt government duties
were
» Protect society
» Administer justice
» Provide public
works
Section 1 Questions
1. What are Natural Laws?
Answer - Laws which govern human nature
and used to study human behavior.
2. Which of Montesquieu ideas are in the
U.S. Constitution?
Answer – Separate the branches of
government, each branch has equal
amount of power.
Section 1 Questions
3. Who were the Philosophes?
Answer - French thinkers who used reason
to bring about change in government.
4. Summarize Thomas Hobbes believe
about people and their government.
Answer – Hobbes believed that an absolute
monarch (strong king/queens) kept
people in check.
World History Chapter 5
Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas
Spread
Old Way
•
Before the Enlightenment, no one
questioned:
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Divine right rule (god gave the right to rule)
Class systems (you could not move up in
class)
Belief in going to heaven because of
earthly suffering
Reaction - Censorship
•
When the ideas moved from
France, across Europe, the
reaction was… Censorship,
restricting people from hearing
or reading about new ideas or
new information.
Old Order
• Old order was supposedly set up by God –
Roman Catholic church leaders &
governments felt they had to protect people
from new ideas
– Banned books
– Put writers in prison
Salons
Salons - Social gatherings where artists &
thinkers exchange ideas (began by women for
poetry readings)
Arts & Literature
•
Enlightenment affected arts & literature;
artists had to please patrons, paid for
works or gave them jobs
Baroque Style
• Baroque was a grand and complex artistic style during Louis
14th rule (early 1700’s)
– Huge colorful paintings
– Glorified battles & Roman Catholic saints
Baroque Music
• Johann Bach
– Complex &
beautiful
– Religious works
for organ & choir
• George Handel –
most famous for the
“Messiah”
Rococo Style
• Rococo (mid 1700’s)
–More personal art
–Elegant, charming & delicate
Middle Class Style
–
Middle class audience
(merchants & town
officials)
• Wanted self-portraits
without frills, family
life in town or country
setting
– Rembrandt
» Dutch artist
» Gave dignity
to middleclass subjects
Trends in Music
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Operas & ballets
– Plays put to
music
– Orderly &
structured
– Opera houses
opened
Mozart
Literature
–
Novel (long work of
prose fiction)
• Daniel Defoe –
Robinson Crusoe –
adventures of
shipwrecked sailor
• Samuel Richardson
– Pamela – story
about servant girl
• Both wrote about
the common folk
Enlightened Despots
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Enlightened Despots - rulers who
accepted Enlightened ideas & brought
about reforms to their nations
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Frederick the Great (Prussia 1740-1786)
Catherine the Great (Russia)
Joseph II (Austria, late 1700’s)
Frederick the Great
(King of Prussia, 1712-1786)
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Listened to & reads
Voltaire who built
Prussian Academy of
Science.
Had agricultural reforms:
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Drained swamps
New crops like potatoes
Gave seed & tools to
peasants who suffered in
Prussian wars
Tolerated religious
differences, said
“everyone can go to
heaven in his own
fashion”
Reorganized civil
service, simplified laws
Catherine the Great
(Queen of Russia 1729 – 1796/0
– Wrote to Diderot &
Voltaire
– Limited reform
– Gave nobles a charter of
rights
– Spoke out against
serfdom (farmers who
worked for nobles & had
no rights)
– Expanded Russian
empire
Joseph II
(King of Austria 1741 – 1790)
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Most radical
Traveled in disguise
among subjects to learn
of their problems, called
“Peasant Emperor”
Gave religious toleration
to Protestants & Jews in
Catholic Austria
Sold monasteries &
convents, used proceeds
to build hospitals
Abolished serfdom
Ended censorship
Section 2 Questions
1. How did Government and church leaders
censor Enlightenment Ideas?
Answer – Banned books and Put writers in
prison.
2. What new art and music styles developed
during the Enlightenment?
Answer – Baroque & Rococo
World History Chapter 5
Section 3: Birth of the American
Republic
George III
(King of England 1738 – 1820)
• George III wanted to
reasserts power
– What he wanted
• His own ministers (get
his own people who he
liked)
• Dissolve cabinet
system
• Make Parliament do
what HE wanted
Size of the British Empire
Chief Characteristics of the 13
English Colonies
• Commercial centers
– Boston
– New York
– Philadelphia
• Navigation Acts (1600’s)
– England controlled colonial trade & manufacturing,
not enforced
– Smuggling was common
• Shared values (1700’s) of colonists
– Respect for individual’s right to improve
– Desire to separate from Great Britain
Stamp Act (1765)
• British Parliament
imposed a tax on the
American Colonist to
pay the cost of the
French and Indian
War.
• Printed paper used in
the colonies needed
to have special
stamp.
More Problems with England
• Boston Massacre (1770)
– 5 colonists killed by British soldiers
• Boston Tea Party (1773)
– Colonists dressed as Native Americans threw
tons of tea in Boston Harbor
– Protesting tax on tea
First Continental Congress
• Met in Philadelphia to
decide what action to
take against British taxes
• Set up Continental Army
under command of
George Washington
• First battles of the
Revolutionary War took
place in Lexington and
Concord, Massachusetts
in April 1775.
Declaration of Independence
(July 4 1776)
• Written by Thomas
Jefferson (Ideas from
John Locke)
– Colonists right to revolt
– Popular sovereignty
(government power
comes from the
people)
– Outlined colonists
grievances against
England & George III
British Advantage
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Were professional soldiers
Strong naval fleet (powerful navy)
Money
1/3 of colonists were Loyalists (supported
Britain & refused to fight in New York &
Philadelphia)
• Gave freedom to slaves who fought on
British side
Colonists
Advantages
• Fighting on own soil,
more at stake
• Controlled
countryside
Disadvantages
• Few military
resources
• Little money to pay
soldiers
Battle of Saratoga
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Took place in New York state (September and
October 1777)
First major victory for the Colonial Army
As a Result of the victory, French decided to
help Colonists
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Brought supplies, trained soldiers & warships
Valley Forge
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Winter of 1777 & 1778 rough times for
Colonists with cold, hunger, and disease.
Ending the War
• French fleet blockaded
Chesapeake Bay
• Washington forced
British to surrender at
Yorktown, Virginia
• British recognized
American
independence &
America won all land
east of Mississippi with
the Treaty of Paris
(1783).
1787 Constitution
• Constitution reflected Enlightenment
ideas:
– Elected
• Legislature
– House of Representatives
– Senate
• President – George Washington
Separation of Powers
Checks & Balances
Each branch has the ability to check the other
branches
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Legislative (Congress) – law-making
Executive (President) – carries out and enforces
the laws
Judicial (courts) – decides if laws are OK w/
Constitution
Bill of Rights
• 1st ten amendments (changes or additions
to the Constitution)
• Basic rights
– Freedom of Religion
– Freedom of Speech
– Freedom of Press
– Unreasonable Search and Seizure
– Trial by Jury
Right to Vote
• White males who owned property
• NO women, African-Americans or Native
Americans
Section 3 Questions
1. Why did the Colonists feel they should not be taxed?
Answer – The Colonists did not have representation in
Parliament.
2. What ideas of John Locke’s are in the Declaration of
Independence?
Answer – Colonists have a right to revolt and Popular
sovereignty.
3. What kind of government did the U.S. Constitution
create?
Answer – Federal Republic, power divided between
national government & state governments.