Biodiesel Feed Stock, Production Technology

BIODIESEL CONCEPT

Diesel (Petroleum derived) Oil When Substituted Partly or Wholly by a Liquid Fuel Derived from Renewable Resource Materials Rudolf Diesel First Demonstrated in 1900 that Renewable Resource Material like Groundnut (Peanut) oil as a Fuel in Diesel Engine in Place of Petroleum Diesel Without any Problem.

Biodiesel The present Concept

Conversion of Oils/Fats to Alkyl Esters of Monohydric Alcohols to overcome Problems of High Viscosity, High Boiling Point and Reactivity make Biodiesel is Now Defined Exclusively as the ‘Monoalkyl’ Esters of the Long Chain Fatty Acids Derived from the Oils/Fats of Vegetable and Animal Origins that Fulfill almost all the Requirements of

Petroleum-Derived Diesels.

BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK

(A) Oils & Fats of Plant And Animal Origins (B) Refinery byproducts like (1) Fatty Acid Distillates (FADs) (Palm FADs).

(2)Acid Oils (Soyabean, Rice bran, Coconut, Mustard).

(C) Used Oils Like Frying Oils.

CPO MILLING

TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION

TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION

separations Triglyceride

LABORATORY SCALE PRODUCTION

ESTERIFICATION

Alcohol + Acid

 in it .

Ester + Water

esters can be separated from the water because they have low solubility Esters can be produced under conditions of low or high temperature and the crude product is distilled, bleached and deodorised as appropriate before a pure ester is produced.

CATALYST



Chemical catalyst process



Biocatalyst process

Chemical Catalyst Process

One Step Process with a Base Catalyst like Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide or their Alkoxides when the Oils/Fats are Refined (RBD).

Two-Step Process on oils Containing FREE FATTY ACIDS (I) Esterification with Conc. H conversion to Biodiesel.

2 SO 4, H 3 PO 4 (ii) Transesterification with a base catalyst NaOH, KOH or High Pressure Esterification and Alcoholysis for straight way

One-Step Biocatalyst Process for Biodiesel Production Simultaneous Esterification And Transesterification (Alcoholysis) of Triglyceride Oils.

Esterification Lipase R.COOH + MeOH R.COOMe + H 2 O

TRANSESTERIFICATION CH 2 OCOR CH2OH Lipase CHOCOR + 3MeOH 3 R.COOMe + CHOH CH 2 OCOR CH2OH Lipase Candida Cylindraceae, Candida Rugosa, Candida Antartica & Lipase 3A (1,3-specific lipase)

Chemical Process For Biodiesel Production

A. Single Stage or Direct Transesterification (Alcoholysis) Process.

Refined or Neutral Oil (< 1.5% F.F.A.) + Alcohol (Methanol) 1.6-2 Times

Theoretical Amount Base Catalyst KOH OR NaOH 4-6 Hr.

0.3-1.5% or NaOMe 0.5% or Less 50 0 C-70 0 C ALKYL ESTER PRODUCT Necessary Post-Treatment BIODIESEL (95% yield of 97% purity)

B. TWO-STAGE (COMBINED ESTERIFICATION AND TRANSESTERIFICATION) PROCESS

.

1 st STAGE ESTERIFICATION PROCESS Acid Catalyst + Alcohol (1.6-2 Times (Conc. H 2 SO 4 0.1-1% on F.F.A

Basis the Th. Amount) 100 0 -120 Or 60 0 0 C/10-12 hrs.

C/4-5 hrs.Or

35 0 C/2 hrs.1-2 hrs.

Ester Phase Glycerol Phase

2 nd STAGE TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS

ESTER PHASE Base Catalyst Reflux Or at 60 For 0.5-6hrs.

0 C Alkyl Ester Phase Glycerol Phase Purification Acidified Final Ester Biodiesel Glycerol Phase Acidic Esters Purification

AUTOCATALYTIC ESTERIFICATION PROCESS

Acidic Oils (>5% FFA) Or Acid Oils (>50% FFA) Esterifying Agent 180 0 C-220 0 C Like Glycerol (Theoretical Or 20-60% Excess Over theoretical 2-6 Torr, 6-12 hrs Neutral Oil Transesterification Process Purification Methyl Ester Biodiesel Glycerol (Recycled in the Esterification)

TRANSESTERIFICATION WITH SUPERCRITICAL METHANOL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Oil + Methanol (1:42 ) 300-500 0 C 300 Atmospheres Times 3-4 minutes Methyl Esters (98% Conversion)

Biodiesel By Blending of Vegetable Oil With Short Chain Alcohol and an Amphiphilic Compound

Vegetable Oil 1-ALKANOL Methanol Or Ethanol Fuel) Stable Solution (Liquid) (With Viscosity Sufficiently low for use as Diesel

BIODIESEL STANDARDS

Linolenic Acid Methanol Content Monoglycerides Diglycerides Triglycerides Free Glycerol Total Glycerol Alkali Metals Alkali Earth Metals Phosphorus Content < 12% < 0.02% > 1.0

> 0.25

> 0.25

< 0.02

< 0.38

< 5 ppm < 5 ppm < 10 ppm

FEEDSTOCK

• • • •

MINYAK NABATI KW 1 (FFA <5%) MINYAKNABATI KW 2 (FFA > 5%, <20%) MINYAK NABATI KW 3 (FFA>20, <70%) PFAD (FFA >70%)

PROSES KIMIA • • Esterifikasi Transesterifikasi

FEEDSTOCK BIODIESEL

Teknologi proses

METHANOL Process conditions



High temperature

  

Medium temperature Low temperature + Catalyst Low temperature + Enzyme 150 o C > 100 – 130 o C 50 – 80 o C + Catalyst 30 – 50 o C + Enzyme GLYCEROL / WATER

Examples (Batch Reaction) Oil

Crude Palm Oil Crude Palm Stearin Rapeseed Sunflower Coconut Palm Kernel Soya bean Corn Tallow

FFA(%) Yield of Methyl Ester(%)

4.5

3.8

96 98 3.2

3.5

1.5

3.2

1.3

9.6

3.9

95 94 98 98 95 96 93

FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF METHYL ESTERS OF VARIOUS VEGETABLE OILS CHARACTERISTICS TESTED METHYL ESTER PALM OIL COCONUT DENSITY 15 0 C 0.872-0.877

0.872

VISCOSITY 40 0 C 4.3-4.5

2.7

CETANE NUMBER 64.3-70 62.7

HEATING VALUE 32.4 MJ/L 30.8 MJ/L

METHYL ESTER DENSITY 15 0 C VISCOSITY 40 0 C CETANE HEATING NUMBER VALUE RAPESEED (LEAR) 0.882

4.2

51.0-59.7

32.8MJ/L SUNFLOWER 0.885 4.0 61.2 32.8MJ/L SOYABEAN 0.880 TYPICAL 4.0 45.7-56 32.7MJ/L DIESEL 0.830-0.840 2.0-3.5 51.0 35.5MJ/L FUEL