Transcript Clinical signs of nutritional deficiency

Nutrition Related Disease
Dr. Shivananda Nayak
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Medical Sciences
Dept of Preclinical Sciences
Biochemistry Unit
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Clinical signs of nutritional deficiency
Hair
Spare and thin
Easy to pull out
Corkscrew coiled hair
Due to protein or zinc deficiency
Protein deficiency
Vitamin C and A deficiency
Mouth
Glossitis
Riboflavin and niacin
Angular stomatitis cheilosis &
fissured tongue
Bleeding & spongy gums
Riboflavin, pyridoxine & niacin deficiency
Leukoplakia
Vitamin A, B12, folic acid & niacin
deficiency
pyridoxine, niacin & iron deficiency
Sore mouth & tongue
Vitamin C or A deficiency
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Eyes
Night blindness and exophthalmia
Vitamin A deficiency
Photophobia, blurring and conjuctival
inflammation
Vitamin A deficiency
Nails
Spooning
Transverse lines
Iron deficiency
Protein deficiency
Skin
Pallor
Follicular hyperkeratosis
Flaking dermatitis
Pigmentation and desquamation
Bruising purpura
Folic acid, iron, B12 deficiency
Vitamin B and C deficiency
Vitamin B12, A, PEM, zinc & niacin
deficiency
Niacin & protein energy malnutrition
Vitamin K, C and folic acid deficiency
Thyroid gland
Goiter
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Iodine deficiency
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Bones and Joints
Rickets
Scurvy
Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin C deficiency
Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM)
PCM is present when sufficient energy and/or protein is not
available to meet metabolic demands, leading to impairment in
normal physiologic processes
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Causes
Inadequate dietary intake
Poor quality dietary protein
Increased metabolic demands
Increased nutrient losses
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KWASHIORKAR
is a condition which develops when there is gross protein
deficiency and non-protein calorie intake may be adequate.
It’s a high mortality deficiency disease known as kwashiorkor
meaning red boy. The name comes from the odd reddish
orange color of the hair, as well as from the skin rash,
characteristic of the disease.
Moderate to severe growth failure is present
For the 1st few months of life, the breast fed infant in the
developing countries grows at a rate that is comparable to that
of well fed infants, but thereafter symptoms starts occurring of
a kwashiorkor child if the nutrition is not adequate
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Symptoms
 The increase in stature & retarded tissue development.
 Poorly developed muscle that lack tone.
 Severe edema.
 Potbelly (protruding of the stomach)
 Swollen legs & face.
 Anorexia & diarrhea are common.
 Whimpering, but does not cry or scream.
 The child is not interested in or curious
about his surrounding.
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Pathologic & biochemical changes:
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Fatty infiltration of the liver.
Decreased serum levels of triglycerides, phospholipids, &
cholesterol.
Reduced amylase, lipase and trypsin.
Serum proteins and albumin fractions are markedly reduced.
Low hemoglobin levels, especially if parasite infestation is
also present.
Vitamin A levels are usually reduced. This could be a serious
complication leading to blindness & death in some children
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MARASMUS
It is a protein-caloric malnutrition caused by a diet deficient
in both protein and carbohydrates
Severe growth failure and emaciation are the most striking
characteristics of the marasmic infant
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Anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency and folate (folic acid)
deficiency cause megaloblastic anemia
The bone marrow produces large and abnormal
red cells (megaloblasts)
Symptoms
 People may be weak, short of breath, and pale.
 Nerves may also malfunction.
 Blood tests can detect abnormal cells that indicate
vitamin deficiency anemia.
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Iron-deficiency anemia, often caused by insufficient iron intake,
is the major cause of anemia in Childhood
Causes
 insufficient iron in the diet
 poor absorption of iron by the body
 ongoing blood loss, most commonly from menstruation or
from gradual blood loss in the intestinal tract
 periods of rapid growth
Symptoms
 fatigue and weakness
 pale skin and mucous membranes
 rapid heartbeat or a new heart murmur
 irritability
 decreased appetite
 dizziness or a feeling of being lightheaded
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