Transcript CHAPTER 14 SECTION 1 CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADES

Bell Ringer
CH 14 Sec 1
Monastic Revival and
Church Reform
 Beginning in the 1000s, a spiritual revival
spread across Europe, lead by the
monasteries.
 Reformers wanted to return to the basic
principles of the Christian religion
 The churches restored and expanded its
power and authority.
Problems with the Church
 Reformers were distressed about 3 main
problems
 Village priests were married and had
families (against Church rulings)
 Simony-positions in the church were being
sold by bishops
 Lay investiture-kings were in control of
bishops
 Pope Leo IX enforced Church laws
against the 3 problems
Cathedrals-Cities of Gods
 New style of architecture
 Change from Romanesque style
(round arches heavy roof, thick walls)
to *Gothic Style (cathedrals with tall
steeples thrusting upward toward
heaven, huge stained glass windows
 *The reason for the new
structure was to show the
power and wealth of the
Church
Horrible Histories
•The Crusades
THE CRUSADES –
“Holy War”
 1093 – BYZANTINE EMPEROR ASKED
FOR HELP AGAINST THE MUSLIM
TURKS
THE CRUSADES – “Holy War”
 *Pope Urban II
asked people to
regain the Holy
Land
 200 years
 *Goal recover
Holy Land and
Jerusalem from
Islamic rulers
THE CRUSADES
“Holy War” REASONS
 GOD’S WILL
 KINGS GOT
RID OF
KNIGHTS
 YOUNGER
SON COULD
GAIN LAND
THE CRUSADES – “Holy War”
REASONS
 ASSURED A
PLACE IN
HEAVEN
 MERCHANTS
MADE PROFITS
 SHIPS WERE
LEASED
THE CRUSADES – “Holy War”
 1st – 1096
50,000-60,000
KNIGHTS
BECAME
CRUSADERS
 MANY WILL
DIE
Christianity and the
Crusades
THE CRUSADES – “Holy War”
 NOT WELL
ORGANIZED
 3 ARMIES,
MOSTLY
FRENCH
 NOT PREPARED
FOR CLIMATE,
SUPPLIES OR
GOALS
THE CRUSADES – “Holy War”
 ¼ OF SOLDIERS IN JULY, 1099
CAPTURED THE CITY OF
JERUSALEM
THE CRUSADES – “Holy War”
 2ND TURKS CAPTURED EDESSA –
SO CRUSADERS GO TO REGAIN IT
 IT FAILED
THE CRUSADES
 3RD SALADIN –
MUSLIM
LEADER
CAPTURED
JERUSALEM
 3 KINGS
CRUSADE
THE CRUSADES – “Holy War”
 FREDERICK
BARBAROSSA –
GERMANY
 PHILIP
AUGUSTUS
 *RICHARD THE
LIONHEARTED
THE CRUSADES – “Holy War”
 RICHARD AND
SALADIN FOUGHT
NUMEROUS
BATTLES
 BATTLE AT ACRE3,000 MEN, WOMEN
AND CHILDREN
KILLED BY
RICHARD
THE CRUSADES – “Holy War”
 1192 – TRUCE
BETWEEN
RICHARD AND
SALADIN- MUSLIM
KEPT JERUSALEM
BUT PILGRIMS
COULD VISIT
SAFELY
The Crusading Spirit
Dwindles-A Spanish Crusade
 In Spain, Muslims had control of most
of the country
 *The effort to drive the Muslims out of
Spain in the 1100s was called the
Spanish Reconquista
“In 1469, Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon. This marriage
between the rulers of two powerful kingdoms opened the way for a united state.
Using their combined forces, the two monarchs made a final push against the
Muslim stronghold of Granada. In 1492, Granada fell….”
The Crusading Spirit
Dwindles-A Spanish Crusade
 In Spain power was in the hands of
Isabella and Ferdinand
 They wanted to unite their country
under Christianity
 *They used the Inquisition, a tribunal
held by the church to suppress heresy
(people whose religious beliefs were
different from the church)
Effects of the Crusads
 Power of the Pope declines
 Feudal nobility weakened
 Increased trade between Europe and Asia (Significant
effect)
 *Legacy of bitterness, tension and hate between the
Muslims and the Christians (Long term effect/result)
 *Cultural diffusion throughout Western Europe (Important
effect)
 *Contact with Muslim and Byzantine worlds brought new
ideas to Western Europe (Direct Effect/Result)
Quick Review
1. What was the new style of architecture used during the Age of
Faith?
2. The motivation for the grandeur of the structure was to show
whose wealth?
3. Isabella and Ferdinand used what religious tribunal to
suppress heresy against the church?
4. A major goal of the Catholic Church during the Crusades was
to?
5. What was the most significant effect of the Crusades?
6. One important effect of the Crusades on Western Europe was
that they?
7. An important long-term result of the Crusades in the Middle
East was?
8. What was a direct result of the Crusades?
Chapter 14 Section 2:
Trade, Towns, and
Financial Revolution
Growing Food Supply
 Using horsepower
 Peasants had depended on oxen to pull
plows, but they moved slowly.
 Horses needed better food, but a team of
horses could plow twice as fast as oxen
 Developed a new harness to fit around
the horses chest, taking pressure off their
neck and windpipe
 Oxen were replaced by horses
Three Field System
 By rotating crops on three fields instead
of two, food production increased.
 When food production increases people
eat better.
 When people eat better they live longer
 When people live longer, the population
increases.
Trade and Finance Expand
 As trade expanded artisans and
craftsmen were manufacturing goods by
hand for local and long distance trade.
 *During the Middle Ages, merchants and
craftsmen in Europe began organizing
into powerful associations known as
guilds. (similar to today’s unions)
 Guilds controlled all wages and prices for
their craft
Overview: Life after the Crusades
Effect of the Crusades
 There was a revival in learning in
Europe after the Crusades
 The Muslims had preserved the
libraries of the Greeks and much
was brought back from the
Crusades
 The Crusaders brought back
ancient text from Muslims and
Byzantine libraries
Universities
Began to
Appear
 Paris, France
 Bologna and
Salerno, Italy
 Oxford and
Cambridge,
England
Universities
 Taught geometry,
astronomy, Latin,
grammar and logic
the basis of Liberal
Arts Education
 Originally
designated for a
group of scholars
but NOW it is an
institution of higher
learning
Aquinas and Medieval
Philosophy
 Christian scholars were excited by Greek writings
 *Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa Theologica after
studying the works of Aristotle where he addressed
the issue of Aristotle’s work was compatible with
Christians doctrines, and God gave man the power
to reason.
 *His writings influenced political thought in North
American colonies because Aquinas believed in
“natural law” and that people have the right to
overthrow an unjust ruler.
Quick Review
1. Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa Theologica
after studying the works of Aristotle. What
were the important issues Aquinas
addresses in his book?
2. How did Thomas Aquinas’ writings
influence political thought in the North
American colonies?
3. During the later Middle Ages, merchants
and craftsmen in Europe began organizing
into powerful associations known as?
Chapter 14 Section 3
England Develops a
Parliament and the
Magna Carta
Eleanor of Aquitaine
 The most powerful women during the
Middle Ages
 Wife of 2 kings (Louis VII & Henry),
mother of 2 kings (Richard the
Lionhearted and John)
Magna Carta
 Henry was succeeded by Richard the
Lion hearted. Then John took over after
Richard’s death.
 John had many problems
 Mean to his subjects
 Raised taxes to finance a war
 Nobles revolted
Magna Carta (Great
Charter)
 June 15, 1215, nobles forced John to
sign the Magna Carta-the most
celebrated document in English history.
 *List of feudal rights that limited the power of
the English monarchy
 Guaranteed certain basic and political rights
 *Included no taxation without representation,
jury trial and the protection of the law
(considered basic legal rights in England
and the US)
Model Parliament
 Was set up in Nov, 1295
 *Legislative body of
medieval Europe
 Two burgesses (citizens of
wealth & property) from
every borough and two
knights from every county
 Met whenever a new tax
was needed
Quick Review
1. The Magna Carta can best be described
as a list of?
2. What was the name of the legislative
body of medieval England?
3. The motivation behind the nobles desire
to force King John to sign the Magna
Carta was?