Transcript PowerPoint 프레젠테이션 - DePaul Geography

Themes in World Regional
Geography
Geo100 - Fall 2003
Julie Hwang
Lecture #2
Outlines
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Environmental Geography
Population Geography
Cultural Geography
Political Geography
Economic Geography
Population and Settlement
World Population
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6 billion humans on Earth
Population growth & change in
the world regions
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Rapid growth in the developing world
Stabilized in developed countries
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Population growth/change is caused by
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natural growth (by birth offset by death)
Migration (by in & out-migration)
Demographic indicators
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RNI (Rate of Natural Increase)
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Annual growth rate for a country
(#birth – #death) / total population
Migration is not considered
TFR (Total Fertility Rate)
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Average number of children borne by a
statistically average woman
Demographic indicators
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% population under 15
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Indicates rapid population growth
Need for nutrition, health care
higher in less-developed countries
% population over 65
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Need for social welfare services
higher in more-developed countries
Demographic indicators
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Population pyramids
Demographic Transition Model
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How population growth rates change over time?
Phase1: Preindustrial
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Phase2: Transitional
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death rate  (<- onset of public health measure)
Phase3: Transitional
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high birth & death rate
birth rate  (<- aware of advantages of smaller families)
Phase4: Industrial
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low birth & death rate
Demographic Transition Model
Migration Patterns
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Increase in international migration due to
globalized economy
Move from rural to urban environments due to
urbanization
What contributes to migration?
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Push factor: civil strife, political refugee
Pull factor: better economic opportunity
Informational networks
World Urbanization
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Currently 46% of world’s population in cities
Cities over 10 million
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Rapid growth in the developing world
Slow growth in the developed world
Conceptualizing the City
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Urban primacy
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Overurbanization
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Dominates economic, political, and cultural activities
within the country
urban population grows more quickly than support
services such as housing, transportation, waste disposal,
and water supply
Squatter settlements
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illegal developments of makeshift housing on land
neither owned nor rented by their inhabitants
Example of squatter settlements
Cultural Coherence and Diversity
Culture
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Learned, and not innate, behavior
Shared, and not individual, behavior
“Way of life”
Dynamic rather than static
Process, not a condition
Spectrum of cultural groups
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Folk culture
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Ethnic culture
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Common ancestry, race, religion, or language
Popular culture
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shared by self-sufficient rural group
Primarily urban-based, superficial relationships
between people, weaker family structure
World culture
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subset of popular culture, indeterminate nationality,
mixed cultural value
Membership of cultural groups
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Common to have association with multiple
cultural groups
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eg. Amish young people interacts with popular
culture while talking their primary identity
from their folk culture
Cultural Collision
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Cultural imperialism
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Cultural nationalism
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Promotes one cultural system at the expense of another
(eg. European colonialism)
As the reaction against cultural imperialism; defends
cultural system against diluting forces; promotes
national and local cultural values
Cultural syncretism or hybridization
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Blending of forces to form a new, synergistic form of
culture
World Languages
Based on language
families
World Religions
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Universalizing religions
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Appeal to all peoples regardless of location or
culture (eg. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism)
Ethnic religions
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Identified closely with a specific ethnic, tribal,
or national group (eg. Judaism, Hinduism)
World Religions
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Christianity: 2 billion – Europe, Africa, Latin
America, and North America
Islam: 1.2 billion – Arabian Peninsula, Some
Southeast Asia
Buddhism: 300-900 million – Asia; Rather mixed
Geopolitical framework
Geopolitics
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Describes the link between geography and
political activity
State & Nation
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State
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political entity with territorial boundaries
Nation
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a large group of people who share cultural
elements such as language, religion, tradition,
cultural identity
Nation-state congruence
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Nation-state
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Multinational state
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Relatively homogenous cultural group with its own
political territory
Ideal political model; relatively rare (eg. Japan)
A country that contains different cultural and ethnic
groups
More common than nation-state (eg. US)
Nation without a state
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Nations lacking recognized, self-governed territory (eg.
Palestinians, Kurds, Basques, Catalans)
Example of nation without a state
Not all nations or large cultural groups control their own
political territories or states
Centrifugal & Centripetal forces
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Centrifugal forces
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Forces that weaken or divide a state
eg. Quebec, Basque
Centripetal forces
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Forces that unite or reinforce a state
eg. Germany in the 1990s
Example of Centrifugal & Centripetal forces
Cold War
Boundaries
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Ethnographic boundaries
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Political boundaries that follow cultural traits
such as language or religion (eg. European
boundaries after WWI)
Geometric boundaries
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Drawn without regard for physical or cultural
features (eg. Africa in a colonial era)
Example of ethnographic boundaries
WWI
After WWI, empires were largely replaced by nation-states.
Example of geometric boundaries
The lack of congruence between ethnic boundaries and
political borders often results in civil war
Colonialism & Decolonialization
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Colonialism
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Decolonialization
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Formal establishment of rule over a foreign population
Process of a colony’s gaining(regaining) control over its
territory and establishing a independent government
They are fundamental forces in the shaping of the
modern world system
The Colonial World, 1914
Consequences of Colonialism
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In general, disadvantaged because of a
much-reduced resource base, but varies
from place to place
Continuing exchange of human networks
Economic ties between certain imperial
powers and their former colonies are still
found
International & Supranational
organizations
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International organizations
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links together two or more states for some specific
purpose, but does not affect the sovereignty of each
state (eg. UN, OPEC, NATO, ASEAN, NAFTA)
Supranational organizations
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organization of nation-states linked together with a
common goal, but which requires each to give up some
sovereignty (eg. EU, Arab League)
Economic/Social development
Core-periphery model
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As a way of understanding increasing uneven
development between more/less-developed
countries
Developed core achieved its wealth primarily by
exploiting the periphery, either through more
recent economic imperialism
Dependence may be structure through the
relations of exchange, production between core
and periphery
World Economic Core Areas
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Economic activity is clustered around these core
areas while outlying areas are underdeveloped
Indicators of economic
development
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GNI
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GNI per capita (at market exchange rate)
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the value of all final goods and services produced
within a country plus net income from abroad
Measures the size of economy
GNI divided by country’s population
GNI per capita at purchasing power parity
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GNI adjusted for differences in prices and exchange
rates
Living standards with the local currency
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GNI per capita at MER
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What a nation can buy outside the nation
GNI per capital at PPP
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What a nation can buy inside the nation
Indicators of social development
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Life expectancy
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average length of life expected at birth for a
hypothetical male or female, as based on
national death statistics
Under age 5 mortality
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measure of the number of children who die per
1,000 persons
Indicators of social development
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Adult illiteracy rates
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percentage of a society’s males and females
who cannot read
Female labor force participation
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percentage of a nation’s labor force that is
female
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Give insights into the social conditions such as
health care, sanitation, homocide rate, prevalence
of disease…
Sustainable development
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Concept on limits to development
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Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations
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“Intergenerational equity”