Transcript Slide 1
The Mughal Empire Muslim Rule in India After the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 500s, India broke apart into a number of small kingdoms. The Arrival of Islam • During period of small kingdoms, Arab Muslim traders arrived in India for first time • Traders sailed to ports on west coast in search of goods such as spices • Over time, traders settled in India, lived peacefully beside Hindus, Buddhists Muslim Raiders • Next Muslims to arrive not so peaceful • Early 700s, Muslim raiders invaded, conquered region of Sind, in what is now Pakistan • 300 years later, Muslims poured into north India from Afghanistan • By 1200s, most of northern India under Muslim control Delhi Sultanate • Once Muslims took control of north India, established new government for region based in city of Delhi • Government became known as Delhi sultanate • Rulers in sultanate tolerant, allowed traditional customs, religions Blending of Cultures • Rulers also worked to spread Muslim culture through India • Invited artists, scholars from other parts of Islamic world to Delhi • New culture formed, blending Muslim, Indian elements • Example: new language, Urdu, formed from combination of Arabic, Sanskrit Sequence How did Muslims come to rule India? Answer(s): Muslim raiders conquered the region in the early 700s; in the 1200s the Delhi sultanate was established A New Empire • The Delhi sultanate remained strong for about 300 years. • By the early 1500s, its power was weakening. • This weakening left India open to invasion. Babur Mughal Empire • Young Central Asian conqueror named Zahir ud-Din, better known as Babur, “the tiger,” took advantage of India’s weakness • Tried, failed to create empire in Central Asia • Next turned to India • By 1526, had defeated rulers of Delhi, founded Mughal Empire Wealth, Power • Name comes from Persian word Mogul for “Mongol” • Mughals reigned as India’s first great Muslim empire • Great civilization, known for wealth, power Akbar the Great Babur’s Grandson • Babur died shortly after conquest of India, task of organizing what he conquered fell to descendants • Most done by grandson, Akbar the Great Diverse Population • Akbar took throne at age 13, but became greatest of all Mughal rulers • Realized India had diverse population, which could lead to breakdown of empire; did everything he could to win people’s loyalty Expanding Rule • Akbar married daughter of local noble to win noble’s support • Brought sons of other nobles to live at court • Did not hesitate to fight to prevent rebellion • 1605, Akbar died; at time, Mughals ruled most of north India, much of interior Akbar’s Achievements Religious Tolerance • Akbar worked to unify diverse empire by promoting religious tolerance • Held that no one religion could provide all answers to life’s problems • Did not want to discourage people from practicing any religion, discriminate against anyone for their beliefs Reforms • Abolished taxes placed on nonMuslims by earlier rulers • Appointed Hindus to several influential positions in government • Encouraged discussions, debates among Muslims, Hindus, Christians, people of other religions Firm Grip on Finances • Established centralized government that gave him supreme civil, military authority over his empire • Reformed tax system, appointed officials to oversee it • Majority of officials from outside Mughal Empire Explain How did Babur and Akbar the Great help create a new empire in India? Answer(s): by commitment to justice, religious tolerance, and the expansion of the empire Height of the Mughal Empire Jahangir • Babur, Akbar laid foundation for powerful empire • Rulers who followed built upon foundation, raised Mughal India to new heights of power, wealth • Akbar’s son, Jahangir, intelligent, impatient to rule, rebelled against father; later reconciled • In 1605 became emperor after Akbar’s death Rule • Ruthless start, but good ruler • Continued religious tolerance; supported arts; adopted Persian influences into Indian society • Acceptance of Persian customs inspired by Persian-born wife, Nur Jahan • Powerful woman who ruled for several years while husband ill Sikhism During reign, Jahangir came into conflict with religious group, Sikhs • Some Sikhs had supported rebellion against Jahangir • Sikhism, blended elements of Islam, Hinduism – Like Muslims, believe in one God, who created world, who has no physical form – Unlike Muslims, who believe in afterlife, believe in reincarnation – Believe goal of existence to be freed from cycle of rebirth, attain unity with God – Do not practice rituals like pilgrimage, yoga, from the earlier religions Shah Jahan • Jahangir’s son and successor, Shah Jahan shared his father’s love of literature and art. • During his reign the Mughal Empire experienced a cultural golden age. Taj Mahal • Greatest example of Mughal architecture, Taj Mahal built during his reign • Designed by Persian architects, displays elements of Indian, Persian, Muslim architectural styles • Built as tomb for Shah Jahan’s wife Symbol of Mughal Majesty • Shah Jahan also built new capital for India at Delhi • At heart, chamber that held magnificent Peacock Throne • Flanked by two sculpted peacocks, encrusted with gold, diamonds, emeralds, other gems The cost of building monuments such as the Taj Mahal and the palaces of Delhi was enormous. Taxes • Needed funds to pay for monuments • Shah Jahan imposed heavy taxes on people • Demanded half of all crops grown in the country • Led to hardship, famine for many Wars • Series of wars against India’s neighbors also added to Shah Jahan’s need for money • Many wars fought in name of Islam against Christians, Hindus • Unlike father, grandfather, Shah Jahan was Muslim who did not practice religious tolerance Aurangzeb Power Struggle • 1657, Shah Jahan grew terribly ill • Sons began to maneuver to take throne • Soon war broke out between them Succession • Shah Jahan unexpectedly recovered but son Aurangzeb captured him • After locking father in prison, killed all rivals • Brought head of brother in box to show father; then declared himself emperor Reign • Early in reign, concerned with expanding India’s borders • Empire reached greatest size at this time • Later, Aurangzeb turned more to domestic affairs Domestic Affairs Muslim Views • Worked to impose own strict religious views on society • Issued strict decrees about morality, personal behavior Religious Persecution • Persecuted Hindus, Sikhs • Taxed them, forbade them high positions in government • Destroyed their temples Crushing Protesters God of All • Crowds of Shia, Sufi Muslims gathered to protest actions • Restrictions, persecution led many to rebel • Aurangzeb ordered soldiers mounted on elephants to crush them • One wrote: “God is the God of all mankind…not the God of Muslims alone.” Decline of the Mughals Civil War • Aurangzeb enlarged Mughal empire, however his actions marked beginning of its end • Due to harsh measures of regime, frequent rebellions broke out in later 1600s • When Aurangzeb died, rival claims to throne led to civil war Power and Territory Loss • Soon invaders poured into India from north • Mughals continued to rule for about 150 more years, but held little power, controlled far less territory • Eventually India fell under colonial sway of British as part of their global empire Summarize How did Aurangzeb contribute to the Mughals’ decline? Answer(s): His harsh regime led to rebellions. The British in India Setting the Stage Imperialism Expanding Power • Arrival of British in India, example of European imperialism, the process of one people ruling, controlling another • Europeans had built trading posts along Asian, African coats, but held little territory farther inland • By 1700, Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal ruled vast territories in the Americas • By late 1700s, European states began expanding power in Asia, Africa • Europeans had less success ruling territory in Asia, Africa • Two factors that made possible: new technologies, weakening of great empires of Asia, Africa New Technologies • Advances in technology gave Europeans huge military advantage • Steam-powered gunboats could attack even inland targets • Repeating rifles, machine guns, exploding shells made European armies more lethal than ever • Asian, African weapon makers could not match technologies Weakening Empire • Great empires of Asia, Africa weakening; Europeans took advantage • India’s Mughal Empire took deep decline after 1707 • Ottoman Empire lost strength, had weak grasp on North African provinces throughout 1700s • China’s Qing dynasty faced rebellions; by late 1700s European armies faced limited resistance as they claimed new territories Summarize Why did European power begin to expand in the late 1700s? Answer(s): Europeans had an advantage in the quality of their weapons and military training, and took advantage of the decline of the great empires in Asia and Africa. British East India Company Early British imperialism in India was carried out by the British East India Trading Company. It soon became embroiled in Indian politics. The British Take Control Kept India in Chaos • East India Company activity limited to coastal trading cities while Mughal Empire strong • Manipulated rulers of states, suggested each needed British support to keep throne • Mid-1700s, when empire broke apart into small states, East India Company leaders saw chance to take over Indian lands • Played rulers against each other, kept India in chaos • Company’s army took over much of India, claiming it had to restore order Changes in India Making Changes Banning Customs • East India Company made changes to Indian society • Introduced British laws banning certain customs, like sati • Introduced new education system, English language • Practice of Hindu widows throwing Destroying Society Straining Relations • British also invited Christian missionaries to spread beliefs • Thought British wanted to eliminate Indian customs, Hinduism completely • Some began to believe British trying to destroy their society • Relations between Indians, British increasingly strained selves on husbands’ funeral fires The Sepoy Mutiny • • • • 1857, strained relations exploded into rebellion, the Sepoy Mutiny Sepoys were Indian soldiers who fought in British army Introduction of new type British rifle set off rebellion To load rifle, soldier had to bite off end of ammunition cartridge greased with pork, beef fat; offended Muslim, Hindu sepoys • Muslims did not eat pork; Hindus did not eat beef Protest and Punishment • Sepoys in Meerut refused to use cartridges; thought it plot to make them abandon Hinduism, Islam • Sepoys punished for protesting • In response, northern Indian sepoys rose up against British • Eventually gained control of Delhi Violence and Atrocities • Violence of rebellion ferocious • Both sides committed atrocities • Sepoys killed British officers, as well as wives, children • Captured mutineers strapped to cannons and shot; villages burned • Fighting continued two years Results of Mutiny British ended the rule of East India Company in 1858 as result of mutiny. • British government ruled India directly – British moved away from some social regulations that angered many Indians – Distrust still continued between British, Indians Identify Cause and Effect How did the decline of the Mughal Empire contribute to the rise of British power in India? Answer(s): As the Mughal Empire weakened, the British were able to take control of more land in India. India as a British Colony • Colony of colony—the “jewel in the crown” of the British Empire, with political and financial rewards, national pride • For Indians, British rule source of frustration and humiliation • Frustration gave rise to powerful feelings of nationalism The Raj • Era of British rule in India often called British Raj, Hindi word meaning “rule” • Administration carried out by government agency, Indian Civil Service (ICS) ICS Westernization • Though ruling India, most ICS officials British • ICS employed very few Indians • Many educated Indians frustrated at having no say in own government • Many British thought they were superior – Segregated neighborhoods; exclusive clubs – Westernized Indians • Prejudiced, thought Indians incapable of governing selves Life under the British Raj Raj Building Projects • During Raj, British built railroads, roads, canals in India • By 1910, India had fourth-largest railroad network in world • British invested in transportation to move troops; help sell British products Raj Commerce • India important market for British manufactured goods • Also source of raw materials like cotton, tea, indigo, jute • Taxes from Indian landowners paid for administration of India, Indian army Raj Impact • British manufactured goods devastated India’s pre-existing textile industry • Had been major exporter; British closed factories to prevent competition • Mid-1800s, India primarily exported raw materials, not manufactured goods The Rise of Indian Nationalism • Groups in India found British rule deeply disturbing • Indian elites and middle classes lacked opportunities • Indians had little power to influence decisions at higher levels of government Nationalist Movement Activating Movement • Nationalist movement did not take off until Indians saw themselves as having same rights as Europeans • Idea first expressed by reformer Ram Mohun Roy, 1820s • Felt British violating Indian’s rights, including free speech, religion • Roy wrote texts, opened schools to spread nationalist ideas • Despite his efforts, took several decades for movement to activate • 1885, Indian National Congress, first nationalist group, founded by Englishspeaking Indians Initial requests of the Congress to British were modest, such as more positions for Indians in the ICS, and better representation on government councils. India as a British Colony Bengal • Nationalism turned radical when British announced plans to partition Bengal • Officials claimed breaking into two provinces would make easier to govern • Nationalists thought partition attempt to break up Bengal’s Hindu population Radicals • Radicals in Congress called for boycott of British goods; lasted three years • Participants vowed to wear only Indian-made garments, burned British cloth • Some militants attacked British officials, were punished Consequences • British convinced to make concessions to Indian people • 1906 Muslim League formed to protect interests of Indian Muslims • Indian National Congress and Muslim League led in fight for independence Infer Why did Indian nationalists respond to the plan to partition Bengal with a boycott of British goods? Answer(s): They thought the partition was intended to weaken the Hindu population. Changes in India The early 1900s also saw the rise of nationalist feeling in India. This soon led to increasing tension between Indians and their British rulers. India and World War I Rowlatt Acts • 800,000 Indians served with British in World War I • Rowlatt Acts passed, allowed Britain to act harshly against opposition in India • Fought on Western Front, in Middle East • Returned home to find sacrifices had not won them any new freedoms • Britain planned to keep firm control over India • Anger, unrest grew • British soldiers opened fire on peaceful, unarmed Indian demonstrators in Amritsar, April 1919 • Amritsar Massacre convinced Indians they must rid themselves of British rulers Gandhi’s Protest Protests organized • Indian lawyer Mohandas Gandhi began to organize protests against British • Gandhi believed in two concepts, nonviolence, civil disobedience • First nonviolent action, boycott of British products, 1920 Spinning wheel • Gandhi stopped wearing clothes made of British cloth • Indians began to make own cloth; spinning wheel became movement symbol • Protest against British monopoly on salt, 1930; Indians produced own salt Gandhi’s progress • Inspired millions to resist British rule • Arrested often, increased public sympathy for cause • Some changes occurred, limited degree of self-rule granted, 1935 Identify the Main Idea How did Gandhi work for change in India? Answer(s): organized protests, promoted independence in industries within India, resisted British authority The Middle East The years after World War I saw nationalist hopes and dreams flourish throughout much of the Middle East, too. Some of these nationalist movements achieved their goals-others did not. Turkey and Atatürk • Ottoman Empire agreed to give up homeland of ethnic Turkish population after World War I • Allied Powers planned to give lands to Greece, others Kemal Mustafa • World War I hero Modern Nation • Fought plans to give up lands • Mustafa known as Kemal Atatürk, “father of the Turks” • Defeated Greek forces sent to claim Turkish territory • Tried to modernize Turkey, end Muslim influence • Established Republic of Turkey, October 1923 • Made government secular • Other advances Persia Similar reforms took place in Persia • Reza Khan led overthrow of shah, 1921 • Khan became shah, 1925 – Ruled as Reza Shah Pahlavi – Wanted to make Persia into modern, independent nation – Sought to advance industry, improve education – Changed Persia’s name to Iran, 1935 French and British Mandates Nationalist Hopes • Supported by British, Arab nationalists rebelled against Ottoman Empire, 1916 • Wanted to create independent Arab state from Syria to Yemen • Zionism, Jewish national movement to rebuild Jewish state in ancient homeland • British government supported Jewish homeland in Palestine Mandates • British did not fulfill nationalist hopes • Peace agreements established French, British mandates in Middle East • France controlled Syria, Lebanon; British controlled Iraq, Palestine Mandate • Arabs, Jews believed wartime promises broken Palestine Mandate British created Jordan, 1921 • Created from eastern part of Palestine Mandate • Palestine’s population rapidly expanded – Tens of thousands of Jews, Arabs immigrated – Palestinian anger over Jewish immigration led to mid-1930s conflict – Conflict in region continues today Compare What issues did nations in the Middle East face after World War I? Answer(s): reforms and independence in Turkey and Persia, conflict over Jewish immigration to Palestine Nationalism in Africa World War I Africa • Africa almost entirely under rule of European colonial powers during war • Hundreds of thousands of Africans served in European armies during war • Tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives during war • Wartime experience increased nationalist feeling in Africa Nationalism Grows • Africans believed they earned independence through wartime sacrifices • War caused economic hardship • Trade with Europe dried up, European spending in Africa slowed Little to Show • Africans felt they had suffered for Europe, had little to show for it • No Africans involved in negotiations of Treaty of Versailles • Did not grant independence; transferred Germany’s colonies to other countries Working for Independence Pan-African Congresses • Frustrations with European powers led to seeking greater independence • Organized by Africans worldwide, Pan-African Congresses began, 1919 • Conferences led to series of demands for African independence North African Arabs • Sought independence in British-controlled Egypt, took demands to British • Members of group arrested, protests swept country, many Egyptians killed • British finally formally declared Egypt independent, February, 1922 Victory for Nationalism • Egypt’s independence a victory, but did not start trend • Most of Africa remained under European control in 1920s, 1930s • Desire for reform and independence continued to grow Summarize How did World War I help inspire feelings of nationalism in Africa? Answer(s): Many Africans believed they had earned independence through wartime service. South Asia after Empire Independence and Conflict Great Britain had controlled India for nearly two hundred years, but by the early 1900s the British control of the region was starting to weaken. At the same time, religious tensions were pulling India apart. Nationalism Grows INC and War • Movement for independence gained strength in early 1900s • British told Indians to fight for allies in World War II • By mid-1930s Indian National Congress, Mohandas Gandhi had won some self-rule for Indians • Forced to participate in war for democracy while being denied independence, INC refused to support war effort Quit India • Gandhi began “Quit India” campaign • British imprisoned Gandhi, INC officials • Riots erupted • Convinced British maintaining control of India too costly Religious Conflict and Partition Religious Groups • India had long had two main religious groups: Hindus, Muslims • 1940, home to 255 million Hindus, 92 million Muslims • Smaller numbers of Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists Muslim Fears • As hopes for Indian independence rose, so did religious tensions • Some Muslims feared large Hindu population would dominate independent democratic India, wanted separate nation to protect their rights Muslim League • Muhammad Ali Jinnah led Muslim League, worked for interests of India’s Muslims • 1940, Muslim League called for a partition, division of India, creation of separate Muslim, Hindu countries British Favored Partition Violence Increased Two New Nations • Gandhi strongly opposed division of India, little he could do • Great Britain formally ended colonial rule of India, August 1947 • Violence between Muslims, Hindus increased during early 1940s • Two new nations created: Muslim East and West Pakistan, Hindu India • British leaders believed partition best way to ensure safe, stable region • Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime minister: “A new star rises, the star of freedom in the East…” • Divided India into separate Hindu, Muslim nations Violence After Partition • Division of India also divided religious groups living there • Most Pakistan residents Muslim; most in India were Hindu • Followers of other religions lived in each new country as well • Millions of people on each side decided to move Gandhi Victim of Violence • As millions crossed subcontinent, violence between religious groups flared; over a million people died • Gandhi also victim of bloodshed • January 1948, shot, killed by fellow Hindu who blamed Gandhi for partition, believed he sacrificed Hindu interests to protect Muslims War over Kashmir • Not all border issues had been settled at partition • Major point of conflict, region of Kashmir, near northern border of India, Pakistan – India, Pakistan began to fight over control of Kashmir – Continued until 1949 cease-fire divided region into two parts, one controlled by each nation • Later China claimed control of part of Kashmir as well Identify Cause and Effect How did India’s independence lead to conflict? Answer(s): When India gained independence, new nations were formed along religious lines, leading to conflicts between the groups. India after Independence India became the world’s largest democracy when the nation won its independence in 1947. India Under Nehru Nonaligned Movement • Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru led India through difficult early years of independence • Under Nehru, India utilized modern science, technology to improve industry, agriculture • Emphasized need for unity, economic and social reforms, respect for democratic ideals • Played important role in formation of nonaligned movement during Cold War • Worked to increase legal rights of women, improve lives of poor, prevent discrimination • Focused on economic development instead of taking sides in the conflict After Nehru • 1964, Nehru died; two years later, daughter Indira Gandhi elected prime minister; served four terms • Rise to power showed role of women in India society improved after independence • Faced challenge from a Sikh independence movement in state of Punjab Attack at Golden Temple • 1984, militant Sikhs occupied Golden Temple, holiest shrine • Gandhi ordered Indian troops to drive militants out of temple Gandhi Assassinated • Violent attack outraged many Sikhs, including those who had not supported militants • Hundreds of people killed • October 1984, Gandhi’s Sikh bodyguards assassinated her • Attack damaged temple, Sikh holy scriptures • Touched off wave of anti-Sikh violence, left thousands dead Modern India Industrial Growth Prosperity and Poverty • 1990s, India undertook reforms that have led to significant economic gains • Indian economy has grown at remarkable rate in recent years • Government loosened controls on many industries, reduced trade barriers to help encourage growth of new businesses • Strong economy has brought prosperity to only minority of country’s 1.1 billion people • Although most Indians still work in agriculture, service industries have expanded rapidly • Millions live in poverty in crowded cities • Variety of charity groups work to provide clothing, food, medical aid to poor Summarize How did India change after winning its independence? Answer(s): focused on economic development; increased rights for women and the poor; became the world's largest democracy Challenges in South Asia The history of other nations in South Asia has been as turbulent as that of India. Today, those nations face a range of challenges. Civil War in Pakistan India Joins the Battle • 1947, Pakistan created in two parts, West and East • 1971, East Pakistan decided to seek independence • Separate areas, deep differences in language, religion, culture • Pakistani government responded with armed force • Government policies, spending favored West, East remained poor • Civil war followed, thousands of people died After India sent troops to support East Pakistan, Pakistan was forced to accept the independence of the East—now called Bangladesh. Bangladesh and Pakistan Troubles in Bangladesh Instability in Pakistan • One of poorest, most densely populated countries in the world • Pakistan has also faced instability since civil war • Only a few feet above sea level, devastating floods, storms often sweep across country, killing many, leading to widespread famine • Ethnic, religious conflicts common • Series of governments since independence • Now trying to build stable democracy • Disagreements about role of Islam in government • Many leaders have taken power; some elected, some through military coups Continuing Issues Musharraf • 1999, General Pervez Musharraf overthrew elected government, took power • Musharraf’s government has worked with U.S. to fight al Qaeda, Taliban in neighboring Afghanistan Nuclear Weapons • Relations between India, Pakistan usually tense • War near-constant threat • 1974, India’s testing of nuclear weapon caused alarm around world • 1998, after another Indian test, Pakistan tested own nuclear bomb • Threat of nuclear war has kept tensions high Ethnic and Religious Tensions Conflict in Region Hindu, Muslim Hostility • Region continues to experience powerful divisions, conflict • Much stems from longstanding hostility between Hindus, Muslims • Based on religious, ethnic differences • Continues to cause conflicts between India, Pakistan Sri Lanka • Ethnic fighting also plagues India’s neighbor, Sri Lanka • As Ceylon, island was British colony until late 1940s Ethnic Fighting • Fighting between Buddhist Sinhalese majority, Hindu Tamil minority killed thousands • Religious tension intensified struggle between ethnic groups Identify Supporting Details What challenges do the nations of South Asia face today? Answer(s): poverty, religious and ethnic tensions, nuclear weapons, famine, political upheaval