Transcript Document

Unit Eight
Cloning
What is cloning?
• Cloning = genetically
identical duplication
of:
• •DNA sequences.
•Cells.
•Organisms.
• Identical twins might
be said to be “natural
clones.”
Cloning Milestones
• 1938 Cloning is envisioned. Hans Spemann proposed
•
•
what he called a "fantastical experiment." He suggested
taking the nucleus from a cell of a late-stage embryo
and transplanting it into an egg. In other words, cloning.
1952 First cloning experiment with frogs. Robert
Briggs and T. J. King used a pipette to suck the nucleus
from the cell of an advanced frog embryo and added it
to a frog egg. It did not develop.
1984 First embryo cloning with sheep is reported.
Steen Willadsen reported that he cloned a live lamb from
immature sheep embryo cells. Others later replicate his
experiment using a variety of animals, including cattle,
pigs, goats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys.
• 1994 First cloning of
more advanced embryo
cells. Neal First cloned
calves from embryos that
have grown to at least
120 cells.
• 1996 Dr. Ian Wilmut
and his team clone the
world's first sheep from
adult cells. The lamb
born in July 1996 is
named Dolly.
• 1997 A team led by
Drs. Ian Wilmut and
Keith Campbell (U.K.)
create the first sheep
with a human gene in
every cell of its body.
The genetically
engineered lamb is
named Polly.
• 2000 Japanese scientists clone a baby bull from a
bull that was a clone itself, the first re-cloning case
involving a large mammal.
• 2002 A team of scientists at Texas A&M University
produces the first cloned pet, a calico kitten called
“CC” (for Copy Cat). The work was funded by
Arizona millionaire John Sperling, whose company,
Genetic Savings and Clone, hopes to clone pets for
profit.
China’s Breakthroughs in Cloning
• 1999 Chinese scientists have produced an
•
embryo of a giant panda through cloning
technology, a breakthrough that could save the
endangered animal. Scientists from the Chinese
Academy of Sciences had introduced cells of a
dead female panda into the egg cells of a
Japanese white rabbit and the embryo was
nurtured successfully.
2003 Chinese scientists have produced human
embryonic stem cells by mixing human skin with
rabbit eggs. This experiment would represent
the first time human embryonic stem cells had
been generated via cloning.
Text A
A Clone Is Born
Text Organization
• Part One
(Paras 1-2)
Dolly the sheep, a
clone, was born.
• Part Two
(Paras 3-6)
Dolly’s birth has
made cloning a
reality and human
cloning a possibility.
• Part Three
(Paras 7-11)
People have to face the ethical problems
of human cloning.
This part can be further divided into…
Section One (Paras 7-9): Human cloning
has given rise to the question of what
implications the technology may have for
mankind.
Section Two (Paras 10-11): The making of
the atomic bomb had a tremendous
impact on scientists.
• Part Four
(Paras 12-16)
Cloning technology could benefit people in
more than one way.
Language Points
• give birth to: produce young; bring
about
The cat gave birth to five kittens.
This issue gave birth to a dispute.
for all the world(as if):
respect; exactly 就象…一样
in every
• He looked for all the world as if he had
seen a ghost.
• The two talked for all the world as if they
were old friends.
For all the world: in spite of
everything 不管怎样
• I wouldn’t give up freedom for all the
world.
• The funds were lacking, and they had
experienced some setbacks. But the
researchers carried on with the
experiment for all the world.
• How
• Dolly
• Was
• Cloned
fuse: join together physically or chemically,
usu. To become one thing
merge: (different parts) combine into one
whole thing
fuse
The old coins had fused together in the fire.
In her richest work she fuses comedy and
tragedy.
The snow flakes fuse together and produce
ice crystals.
The skull bones usually fuse at age 15.
Different cultures / conceptions fuse with
each other.
merge
• Tow companies merge with each other.
• Merge the graphic with the text on the
same screen.
• The narrow track merged with a wider
path at the crossing.
• Blue, pink and purple colors merged in the
evening sky.
residence: process of residing; place in
which one lives
Residence among the poor is suggested as a
way of understanding their problems.
Downing Street is the British Prime
Minister’s official residence.
identical (to / with): exactly alike; the
same
On Monday, the pupils wear identical school
uniforms.
The copy is identical to the original.
identify (A with B): consider as identical or united
We shouldn't identify happiness with wealth.
identify with sb. / sth.: understand the person or
thing by sharing the same feeling
A good actor can identify with the character he
plays.
in principle: as far as basic principles are
concerned; in general but not in detail
Though there is no reason in principle why
women cannot be top leaders, they work
in reality under men more often than not.
They have agreed to the proposal in
principle but we still have to negotiate the
terms.
• offensive: upsetting or annoying; disgusting or
repulsive
Why did he make such offensive remarks at
the meeting?
An offensive smell greeted my nose when I
opened the door.
cp. offend: cause displeasure; violate a rule or
law
Some music offends, rather than pleases, the
ear.
• compromise: n. giving up of certain demands
by each side in a dispute, so that an agreement
may be reached which satisfied both; v. settle a
dispute by making compromise (on / over)
The NATO countries have finally reached a
compromise over whether the US-led
multinational troops are justified in launching
attacks against Iraq.
I want to go to Greece, and my wife wants
to go to Spain, so we compromise on Italy.
Compromise: to allow your principles to
be weakened or your morals to be
lowered 损害，放弃原则
• Don’t compromise yourself/your
beliefs/your principles for the sake of
being accepted by your peers.
• If you eat your words on this issue, your
reputation will be compromised.
Plague:cause continual and massive trouble,
discomfort to 困扰，泛滥
• I was plagued with disease.
• Irregularity, corruption and inexperience
seriously plagued China’s stock market.
• Academic cheating plagued the campus.
The case for human cloning
• 1. the issue of talents
• Cloning using the DNA
from an adult who is
musically talented
could result in a cloned
child growing up to be
equally talented.
The case for human cloning
• 2. For a sterile couple
• Through cloning the wife and husband
could both contribute to a cloned child.
The case for human cloning
• 3. For a life threatening disease such as
cancer
• Cloning can develop healthy organs to be
transplanted into the body to replace the
sick one.
The case against human cloning
• 1. The Health Issue
• As of today, cloning is not safe.
• Dolly is a sick lamb!
The case against human cloning
2. Religious objections
The case against human cloning
3. Ethical problems
Risks to the clone child.
Parental motives, e.g. vanity, restore a deceased child
or spouse.
How would the clone child react to expectations and
pressures?
The case against human cloning
4. Potential hazard
Would some people use it
as a means to exploit
profits?
Would some lunatic use it to
manipulate a large
human force?
( Star Wars Episode II: The
Attack of the Clones )
If any needed reminding that/of…,
they need only…
• Discrimination against migrant workers
plagues the big cities in China. If any
needed reminding of the unfair treatment
they receive, they need only think of the
deprival of their medi-care and their kids’
right to education in public schools.
• let loose: release
When we escape, shall we let loose other
prisoners?
Just close your eyes and let loose your imagination.
lash out at: make a sudden violent attack
on with blows or words
The dog lashed out at her.
He lashed out at the ruling party’s foreign policies.
Conceive (of): imagine; form an idea in the
mind
• It’s a smartly conceived plan/scheme.
• George Lucas conceived of the idea and
wrote the film of Star War first during the
Vietnam War period.
• In ancient times people conceived of the
earth as flat.