Transcript Document

The West
Push Factors ?
• What causes people to
leave?
• What forces people to
move?
• Think about- What
pushed you out of bed
today?
Pull Factors
• What leads people to a
certain location?
• What attracts people to
relocate to a specific
place?
• What pulled you to U.S.
History today?
Push Factors to the West
•
•
•
•
Overcrowding
Need for job
Ethnic and religious repression
Refuge for Outlaws
Pull Factors
•
•
•
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•
Land (cheap and plentiful)
Riches (gold, silver, oil)
Freedom of religious beliefs
Family connection
Jobs and new opportunity
adventure
What are some modern day examples
of push/pull factors?
Homestead Act
• Federal land policy and the
completion of the
transcontinental railroad
led to the rapid settlement
of American west
• Passed in 1862 to
encourage settlement of
the Plains area
• Gave 160 acres of land to
settlers if they improved
the land and live on it
Homestead Act
• Must farm the land for
5 years
• Paid $10 for the land
• Land speculators- took
advantage of the
situation
- They used the land for
profit
- They took advantage of
the settlers
Oklahoma
• In 1889, a major
governmental land
giveaway in what is now
Oklahoma attracted
thousands- Boomers
• In less than a day, 2 million
acres were claimed by
settlers
• Some took possession
before the government had
officially declared it open –
thus Oklahoma became
known as the “Sooner
State”
Oklahoma Land Rush
55 Indian nations had been forced into Indian Territory, which
contained the largest unsettled farmland in the U.S. (about 2 million
unassigned acres). During the 1880s, squatters overran the land, and
Congress agreed to buy out the Indian claims to the land. On the
morning of April 22, 1889, tens of thousands of homesteaders lined up
at the territory’s borders. At the stroke of noon, bugles blew, pistols
fired, and the eager hordes surged forward, racing to stake a claim.
By sundown, these
settlers, called boomers,
had staked claims on
almost 2 million acres.
Many Boomers
discovered that some of
the best lands had been
grabbed by Sooners,
people who had sneaked
past the government
officials earlier to mark
their claims. Under
pressure from settlers,
Congress created the
Oklahoma Territory in
1890. In the following
years, the remainder of
Indian Territory was
open to settlement.
Exodusters head West
• African Americans who
moved from the postReconstruction South to
Kansas were called
Exodusters
• Many exodusters took
advantage of land deals
• Named after the book of
Exodus in which Jews fled
from Egypt
Mormons
• Founded by Joseph Smith
• Faced persecution based on
belief of Polygamy
• Polygamy- more than one
wife
• Smith was killed in Illinois
• Brigham Young lead them
on migration west to Great
Salt Lake
The completion of the Transcontinental
Railroad by the Union and Pacific
Railroad companies marked a major
accomplishment in U.S. transportation.
For the first time in American history,
East and West coasts were linked by the
railroad, making transportation of
people and goods from East to West
much easier and faster.
In their race to build railroads, the
Central and Union Pacific Railroad
Companies would recruit immigrants,
most notably the Chinese, to work on
the rails.
Transcontinental Railroad
• Pacific Railway Actpassed in 1862 by
Lincoln
• It promoted the
construction of a
railroad across the
country.
Transcontinental Railroad
• Government grants land to
railroads
• Central Pacific- build east
using Chinese labor
• Union Pacific- build west
using Irish labor
• Two lines meet at
Promontory Point, Utah
• Accidents, disease disable
and killed thousands every
year
The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1868. The Central
Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in Promontory Point, Utah
and laid a Golden Spike
The completion of the Transcontinental
Railroad by the Union and Pacific
Railroad companies marked a major
accomplishment in U.S. transportation.
For the first time in American history,
East and West coasts were linked by the
railroad, making transportation of
people and goods from East to West
much easier and faster.
In their race to build railroads, the
Central and Union Pacific Railroad
Companies would recruit immigrants,
most notably the Chinese, to work on
the rails.
Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad at Promontory
Point, Utah, in 1869
Morrill Land Grant Act
• Gave federal land to
the states to
organize agricultural
colleges
• Led to farming
innovations
• Colleges built Penn
St, Texas A&M, NC
State and NC A&T
New Farming Technology
• Farming in the region was
very hard at first.
• Technology made it easier.
• John Deere- invented the
steel plow• Cyrus McCormick- invented
the mechanical reaper
• Steel Windmill- pumped
underground water to the
surface
Life of the Farm
• Most settlers built their
homes from the land
itself
• Pioneers often dug their
homes out of the sides
of ravines or hills
(Dugouts)
• Those in the flat plains
made freestanding
homes made of turf
(Soddies)
Sod Houses
• Blocks of prairie
turfs
• Warm in winter
• Cool in summer
• Small poorly lit
• Haven for snakes
and insects
Sod Houses on the Frontier
Hardships on the Plains
• The frontier settlers faced
extreme hardships –
droughts, floods, fires,
blizzards, locust plagues,
and bandits
• Isolation miles from other
settlers
• Despite hardships, the
number of people living
west of the Mississippi
grew from 1% of the
nation’s population in 1850
to almost 30% in 1900
Open Range
• Great Plains- Kansas
to Texas
• No boundaries to
man or cattle
• Open area free for
cattle and men to
roam.
• Low population
Cattle Kingdom
• Greater demand for beef in
urban areas
• Ranching becomes a
profitable business
• Chisholm Trail-major cattle
drive trail
• Abilene- major cattle town
Cowboys
• Learned to be
Cowboys from the
Mexicans
• 1/5th of the Cowboys
were black or Hispanic
• Long hard day, very
dangerous and lonely
work
Long Drive
• Round-up cattle for
Long drive
• Longhorn- could survive
the long journey
• Journey taking the
cattle to the market
• Lasts about 3 months
TRAILS CONNECTED TO RAILROADS
VOCABULARY BORROWED
• Vanilla, bronco, mustang,
chaps, mosquito, pronto,
tuna, stampede,
tornado, chili, cigar,
shack, savvy, siesta,
wrangler, lasso, lariat,
ranch, corral, burro,
canyon, bandit, fiesta,
guerrilla, hurricane,
matador, plaza, rodeo,
vigilante, desperado,
cockroach, buckaroo
MEXICAN “VAQUEROS”
(COW MAN) PROVIDED THE
VOCABULARY FOR THE
AMERICAN COWBOY
Cowboys worked 10-14 hours
a day on a ranch and even
more on the Trail, alert at all
times for any dangers to the
herd. A cowboy’s season
might begin with the spring
roundup (branding), followed
by the long drive. The
cowboy life was dangerous
and lonely, which is why
many celebrated in the cow
towns (like Abilene) upon
arrival.
“We went back to look for him, and we found him…horse and man mashed
into the ground as flat as a pancake….We tried to think that lightning hit
him, and that was what we wrote his folks…but we couldn’t believe it
ourselves. I’m afraid it wasn’t the lightning. I’m afraid.. They both went
down before the stampede.”
~Teddy Abbott, cowboy
The Old Chisholm Trail
Come along boys and listen to my tale,
I'll tell you of my troubles on the old
Chisholm trail.
Come a ti yi yippee, come a ti yi yea,
Come a ti yi yippee, come a ti yi yea.
Oh, a ten-dollar hoss and a forty-dollar
saddle,
And I'm goin' to punchin' Texas cattle.
I wake in the mornin' afore daylight,
And afore I sleep the moon shines bright.
It's cloudy in the west, a-lookin' like rain,
And my durned old slicker's in the wagon
again.
No chaps, no slicker, and it's pourin' down
rain,
And I swear, by gosh, I'll never night-herd
again.
Feet in the stirrups and seat in the saddle,
I hung and rattled with them long-horn
cattle.
The wind commenced to blow, and the
rain began to fall,
Hit looked, by grab, like we was goin' to
lose 'em all.
I don't give a darn if they never do
stop;
I'll ride as long as an eight-day clock.
We rounded 'em up and put 'em on the
cars,
And that was the last of the old Two
Bars.
It's bacon and beans most every day,
I'd as soon be a-eatin' prairie hay.
I went to the boss to draw my roll,
He had it figgered out I was nine dollars
in the hole.
Goin' back to town to draw my money,
Goin' back home to see my honey.
With my knees in the saddle and my
seat in the sky,
I'll quit punchin' cows in the sweet by
and by.
Home On The Range
Oh, give me a home where the buffalo roam
Where the deer and the antelope play
Where seldom is heard a discouraging word
And the skies are not cloudy all day
Home, home on the range
Where the deer and the antelope play
Where seldom is heard a discouraging word
And the skies are not cloudy all day
How often at night where the heavens are bright
With the light of the glittering stars
Have I stood there amazed and asked as I gazed
If their glory exceeds that of ours
Then give me a land where the bright diamond sand
Flows leisurely down to the stream
Where the graceful white swan goes gliding along
Like a maid in a heavenly dream
Oh I would not exchange my old home on the range
Where the deer and the antelope play
Where the seldom is heard a discouraging word
And the skies are not cloudy all day
End of the Open Range
• Almost as soon as
ranching became big
business, the cattle
frontier met its end
• Too many cattle and
overgrazing, disease
and drought caused the
decline
• Barbed wire fences
ended the open range
• Invented by Joseph
Glidden
Mining
• Gold Rushes- people
moved west quickly
• Sutter’s Mill, Black Hills of
the Dakota Territory
• Comstock Lode- Nevada
largest discovery of
precious metals in U.S.
history
Mining Life
• Large mix of people
• Many opportunities for
everyone
• Saloons gambling
• Violent towns with no
police
• Hard luck
• Made little or no money
had to stay west
Boom/Ghost Towns
• Boomtowns
built quickly
accommodate
miners and they
were abandoned
just as quickly
“Wild West”
Legend of adventure
Wild Bill Hickok
Calamity Jane
Wyatt Earp
Jesse James
Wild Bill Hickok
Calamity Jane
Billy the Kid
Annie Oakley
Dime novels that told
western tales
•Romanticized the West
Only lasted 30 years
Wyatt Earp
Jesse James
Billy the Kid
•1860-1890
Decline of Farming
• Rise of Industry- big
businesses back east
provided jobs
• Urbanization- growth of
cities pull many back East
to work in factories
• End of the Frontier
Now…the frontier has gone and
with its going has closed the
first period of American
history.”
~Frederick Jackson Turner
- Frederick Jackson Turner’s
Frontier Thesis
- Claimed that the frontier
captured American spirit
and made America unique
Decline of Farming
“No other system of
taxation has borne as
heavily on the people as
those extortions and
inequalities of railroad
charges.”
~Henry Demarest Lloyd,
1881
Atlantic Monthly
• Great debts- farm
machinery expensive=
debt
• Drought and low
market prices= debt
• Railroad chargescharging western
farmers more because
there is no competition
NCSCOS Goal 4
Page 27
Plains Indians
• Nomadic lifestyle-move
from place to place
following food supply
• Warfare among tribes
• Communal living
• Common use of tribal land
• Did not believe in individual
ownership of the land
The Horse and The Buffalo
• The introduction of horses
by the Spanish (1598) and
later guns, meant natives
were able to travel and hunt
• While the horse provided
speed and mobility, it was
the buffalo that provided
for basic needs
• Buffalo was the key to
survival
• They used every part of the
buffalo for food, clothing,
shelter and weapons
The buffalo provided the Plains Indians
with more than just a high-protein
food source:
1. The skull of the buffalo was
considered sacred and was used in
many Native American rituals.
2. The horns were carved into bowls
and spoons.
3. The bones of the buffalo were made
into hide scrappers, tool handles,
sled runners, and hoe blades. The
hoofs were ground up and used as
glue.
4. The hide was by far the most
precious part of the buffalo. Native
American clothing, tepees, and even
arrow shields were made from
buffalo hide.
FAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINS
• Small extended
families were the
norm
• Men were hunters,
while women helped
butcher the game
and prepare it
• Tribes were very
spiritual and land
was communal
OSAGE TRIBE
Settlers Push Westward
• The white settlers who
pushed westward had a
different idea about
land ownership
• Concluding that the
plains were “unsettled,
“ thousands advanced
to claim land
• Gold being discovered
in Colorado only
intensified the rush for
land
The Government Restricts Natives
• As more and more
settlers headed west,
the U.S. government
increasingly protected
their interests
• Railroad Companies
also influenced
government decisions
• Railroads greatly
impacted Native
American lives
Conflict
• 1834 – Government set
aside all of the Great
Plains as “Indian lands”
• 1850s- Government
shifts policy, giving
natives much smaller
lands
• Government took away
hunting grounds and
began to massacre the
buffalo
Broken Treaties
• Treaties were broken
• Indians forced onto
reservations
• Government payments
and supplies were not
delivered as promised
• Continued to slaughter
the buffalo
Buffalo herds often ripped up train track and caused a problem
for the railroads
Many
American
hunters
removed the
buffalo hides
in order to
sell them,
but left
hundreds of
thousands of
carcasses to
rot on the
plains.
Tanning
•Tanneries paid
hunters $1 to $3 for
hides
•Hides were sent
east to be used as
belts on industrial
machines
•Hunters often left
carcasses and
other potential
uses of the buffalo
were wasted
“Kill every buffalo you can. Every
buffalo dead is an Indian gone.”
~A United States Army Officer
•Take away the
food source from
the Native
American and
they will be
forced to submit
and go to the
reservations.
Indian Wars: 1860-1890
Clash Begins
• Indian uprisings due to
broken promises and
movement of white
settlers on the Great
Plains
• Treaties were often
negotiated by
unauthorized tribal
leaders which made
them easy to break
Dakota Wars 1862
• Live near Minnesota
relations with whites good
at first
• 1862 insects wiped out
crops and government
help never came, they
were starving
• Chief Little Crow led
warriors on rampage killing
hundreds of whites
• Army put rebellion down
first real outbreak of
violence on the Great
Plains
Sand Creek Massacre
• 1864 Colonel John
Chivington leads a
massacre of the
Cheyenne tribe
• Surprise attack at dawn
kills 400 natives, mostly
women and children
• Massacre was down
under a white flag truce
by Chief Battle Kettle
Colonel John Chivington
“Kill and scalp all, big and
little!”
Sand Creek, CO Massacre
November 29, 1864
Red Cloud War
• Gold is discovered in
Montana in 1863 and
miners began moving into
the area
• Passed through Sioux
country to get there and
Sioux began to attack them
• Military brought in to
defeat the Lakota, led by
Red Cloud and his warriors
(one of whom was Crazy
Horse)
• Fetterman and 80 soldiers
massacred
Red Cloud War
• After two years of
fighting, U.S.
conceded victory to
the Sioux- noteworthy
for 2 reasons:
• Only WAR ever won by
Indians against U.S.
• Sioux were guaranteed
all of Western S.D. in
treaty, including Black
Hills; also free to roam
in unpopulated areas
Battle of Little Bighorn
• Gold is found in the
Black Hills of the
Dakotas
• Sioux try to defend
territory promised to
them in the Treaty of
Fort Laramie
• Army sends George
Armstrong Custer to
move Sioux off the land
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
• Sitting Bull (Hunkpapa
Sioux) and Crazy Horse
(Ogalala Sioux) were two
chiefs who refused to sign
the treaty.
• All Indians ordered back
onto reservation
• "One does not sell the earth
upon which the people walk"
Crazy Horse
Little Big Horn River, Montana - 1876
• George Armstrong
Custer was sent to
force the Sioux,
Cheyenne and
Arapaho back to their
reservations (part of
a larger force).
• He was in command
of the 7th Calvary.
• June 26, 1876
Battle of Little Bighorn 1876
• 1876 Sitting Bull and
Crazy Horse lead a large
force of 2500 Natives
near Little Bighorn River
in Montana
• Custer was heavily
outnumbered
• He and 220 of his
men were
massacred
• This was called
“Custer’s Last
Stand”
Battle of Little Bighorn
• Last Major Native
American victory
• Americans and the
government were
outraged
• Sioux were crushed in the
following years
• Best and worst thing to
happen to the Native
Americans
Painting-Little Bighorn
Memorial-Little Bighorn
Indian Wars
-Nez
Perce Indians, 1877
-Led by Chief Joseph,
they refused to go to
reservation
•Fled into Canada with the
Army chasing them down
-chased by the Army for
over 1000 miles until
captured
“Hear me, my chiefs, my heart is
sick and sad. From where the
sun now stands I will fight no
more against the white man.”
~Chief Joseph
-”I will fight no more
forever”
Apache Wars-1849-1886
– Apaches led by Mangas Colorados & Cochise,
were the last Indian resistance to whites
• Mangas killed during Civil War
• Cochise died in 1874
–Successor, Geronimo -fought whites for the
next 10 years
Genocide
• Genocide  The planned destruction and
elimination of a particular ethnic or religious
group
• Americans viewed Native Americans and
Indians as a hindrance to their ambitions
– The government supported policies that would
remove Indians from the path of white settlement
– Wanted to Americanize Indians
• Wanted to end nomadic lifestyle of Indians
Conflict
• Tribes of the Great Plains clashed with one
another over hunting rights due to scarcity of the
buffalo
– Tribes were forced to hunt further from home &
often entered the territory of rival tribes
• Being further from home made settlement vulnerable to
raids
Starvation
• Lack of buffalo forced Indians to rely on agriculture
– If weather caused crops to fail, Indians had no food to
sustain themselves
Loss of Traditional Culture
• Indians would have to adapt to life without
the buffalo
– 1850: 13 million buffalo
– 1880s: less than a thousand buffalo
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BUFFALO
• The most significant
blow to tribal life on the
plains was the
destruction of the
buffalo
• Tourist and fur traders
shot buffalo for sport
• 1800: 65 million buffalo
roamed the plains
• 1890: less than 1000
remained
SHIRTLESS HUNTER
WITH HIS KILL
Century of Dishonor
• A book written by Helen
Hunt Jackson
• Book talked about the
horribly treatment and
the broken promises of
the federal government
towards the Native
Americans
• Book treat attention to
the mistreatment
“The history of the Government connections with the Indians is a
shameful record of broken treaties and unfulfilled promises.”
“There is not among these three hundred bands of Indians one which has
not suffered cruelly at the hands either of the Government or of white
settlers”
“It makes little difference…where one opens the record of the history of
the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stains.”
~Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonoror
Dawes Act
• The Dawes Act of 1887
attempted to assimilate natives
• Give up their Native lives and
culture for the White culture
• The Act called for the break up
of reservations and the
introduction of natives into
American life
• 160 acres was given to each
family to farm
• By 1932, 2/3rds of the land
committed to Natives had
been taken
Dawes Act of 1887
Quicker Americanization
Assimilate, mainstreamed and absorbed into US society
Adopt Christianity and White education
Individual land ownership
Abandon
tribe, culture and become farmers
Male claimed 160 acres of land
Children would be sent to Indian schools
Farm land for 25 years- then they owned it.
1924 gain citizenship and right to vote
Failed policy
Indian resistance and corruption
Assimilation
• Assimilation- education of
Indians to be more like
whites
- Stripped of their land,
culture, language, and
religion
- Carlisle Indian School- sent
boys East to be educated
like whites
- Plan failed and caused
alcohol abuse
- Ended Native American life
Carlisle Indian School, Pennsylvania
The Ghost Dance Movement -1890
• Paiute medicine man Wovoka
promised the return of the
buffalo and Indian way of life.
• The religion prophesied the end
of the westward expansion of
whites and a return of Indian
land.
• The ritual lasted five successive
days, being danced each night
and on the last night continued
until morning.
• Hypnotic trances and shaking
accompanied this ceremony,
which was supposed to be
repeated every six weeks.
The Ghost Dance Movement -1890
• Ghost Dance movement
spread to the Sioux
• They religiously danced even
after they were told to stop by
reservation authorities.
• Military went to arrest Sitting
Bull, where he was killed.
• Many Sioux followers left the
reservation and joined
Bigfoot’s group, who were
now on the run
Telegram to Washington, D.C.
Nov. 15, 1890
"Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and
crazy. I have fully informed you that the employees
and the government property at this agency have no
protection and are at the mercy of the Ghost Dancers.
... We need protection and we need it now ...nothing
[short] of 1000 troops will stop this dancing."
Dr. Daniel F. Royer, Agent,
Pine Ridge Agency
Ghost Dance 4
Indian warriors fighting against the US wore Ghost Shirts which were to stop the penetration
of American soldiers bullets……It gave them supernatural powers as was believed………
Ghost Shirt
Ghost Shirt
Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
• 7th Calvary caught Bigfoot’s people near Wounded Knee, SD
• They attempted to confiscate all weapons when a shot was fired.
BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE
HUNDREDS OF CORPSES
WERE LEFT TO FREEZE ON
THE GROUND
• On December 29, 1890,
the Seventh Cavalry
(Custer’s old regiment)
rounded up 350 Sioux and
took them to Wounded
Knee, S.D.
• A shot was fired – within
minutes the Seventh
Cavalry slaughtered 300
unarmed Natives
• This event brought the
“Indian Wars”– and an
entire era to a bitter end
“I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back
now from this high hill of old age, I can still see the butchered
women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the
crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young.
And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud,
and was buried in the blizzard. A people’s dream died there. It
was a beautiful dream.”
~Black Elk
Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
• Violence erupted, 300
Indians and 25 whites lay
dead.
• This is the last of the
Indian conflicts.
Chief Big Foot
Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
•The dead of Big Foot's people were buried
in a mass grave. The still frozen stiff bodies
were dumped unceremoniously into the
hole.
•The United States handed out over twenty
Congressional Medals of Honor to soldiers of
the Seventh Cavalry who had participated in
the battle.