Transcript 슬라이드 1 - Udveksling

Conditionals
Yule (1998)
Hwang, Jiseon
Choi, Bomi
Baek, Suhyun
Jeong, Sinyeong
CONDITIONALS
1.Basic Forms
2.Basic meanings
Basic forms
• Factual conditionals
a. In the past , if you wanted something , you saved up for it.
b. Nowadays , if people want something ,they just buy it.
• Predictive conditional
a. If you lend me some money, I’ll pay you back tomorrow.
b. But if you don’t get pay, I may not bet my money back.
• Hypothetical conditionals
a. If you asked Jack ,he might lend you the money.
b. Yeah, but if he was broke, he couldn’t help me.
• Counterfactual conditional
a. If I had called Jack earlier, he would have helped.
b. Yeah, and if I were rich , I wouldn’t have this problem.
• Summary . Basic types of conditional
Real
If-clause verb
factual
factual
predictive
present
past
present
Main clause verb
present
past
present modal
Situation
generally true
generally true
likely
Unreal
hypothetical
past
counterfactual past perfect
counterfactual subjuntive
past modal
past modal perfect
past modal
unlikely
impossible
impossible
Basic meanings
four basic questions
• What happens if…..?
a. If the radius r is 1, the circle is called the unit circle.
b. If incomes , prices of related goods, or preferences change,
the entire demand curve shifts.
(i.e whenever A happens, C happens)
 In informal spoken descriptions
a. If one of us cooks the meal, the other one washed the dishes.
b. If the kids have homework, they do it right after school
• What will happen if…..?
a. If the weather is okay. we’ll have lunch outside.
b. If you don’t finish your homework, there will be no TV.
 In written test
a. If Reder’s theory is correct, we shall find evidence of transfer.
b. If one variable is known, the other can be calculated.
 In a statement
a. If you aren’t in your office, where will you be?
 In an instruction
a. If mixture becomes too thick, add water.
b. If the wood has knots or broken lines, don’t buy it.
• What would happen if…..?
a. If I won the grand prize, I would buy a car.
b. If we didn’t have to do homework, we could have a lot
more fun.
 In discussions
a. If we charged higher tuition ,we wouldn’t have to cut costs.
b. Yes, but if we raised tuition , we would attract fewer
students.
 Willingness
a. If we were free, we would love to go with you.
b. Believe me, if I could, I would.
• What would have happen if……?
a. If the teacher hadn’t made the test so hard, I could have passed.
b. If I had studied more, I wouldn’t have failed the exam.
c. We were going so fast that if we had hit the trees we would
have been killed instantly.
 In alternative past scenarios.
a . If you dad been studying this topic in the Middle Ages,
you would have been reading about it in Latin.
 Blame for past events
a. If you had remembered the map, we wouldn’t have taken
the wrong road.
 The subjuntive
a. If I were you I’d leave him.
b. If that were me , I wouldn’t stay with him.
• Summary . Basic uses of conditional
Real
Factual:
Predictive:
Unreal
Hypothetical:
Counterfactual:
What happen if…?
For presenting habits, general truths, rule, typical
patterns, correlations
What will happen if…?
For presenting future plans, real possibilities,
postponing events, steps in an argument, points in a
procedure, predictable consequences, instructions
What would happen if…?
For presenting wished, imaginary future situations,
alternative potential outcomes, remote possibilities,
willingness
What would have happen if…?
For presenting the negative of what had happened,
alternative past scenarios, excuses, regrets, and blame
for past events
Meanings in context
- The function of the if-clause is to establish a
state of affairs which is to be assumed in order for
the situation in the main clause to be considered.
• The information-structuring functions of
conditionals
Restate, Contrast, List alternatives, Giving examples
• Conditionals in uncertainty and politeness
Uncertainty, politeness
• Exceptional and concessive conditionals
Only if and if only, Unless, Even if
Restating: If A, (then) C
If- clause suggests that already mentioned in the
preceding discourse.
[19] a. FUZZY PRINT If your printout looks fuzzy, try
pressing the prime key to try to restore print quality.
[21]
d. Jim That was a great dinner but I ate far too much.
Anne If that’s the case, you won’t want any ice
cream!
Contrasting: But if not A, (then)
• Negative form ,sometimes, is indicated
by other contrastive connectors: but,
however, conversely.
• [22] a. We’d like you to come, but if you
don’t want to, that’s okay, we’ll
understand.
 These restating and contrasting
illustrate real conditionals.
Listing alternatives: So, if A-1, (then) C1, if A-2, (then) C-2,
• It presents a number of alternative ways
on an issue; sometimes, the options can
be preceded by a maker So
Okay it’s raining and we have to decide
what we’re doing this afternoon. So, if you
want to stay home, that’s fine. If you want to
play in your room, okay, but if you want to
go to a movie, we have to get moving soon.
Occurs where choices are presented one by one and each is
followed by instructions to do something.
Giving examples: (for example), if A-l, (then)
C-1
It introduces examples to support a preceding statement, marked
with introductory expressions such as; for instance, for example, but
those may have not explicit marker.
Used with real, and unreal conditionals.
The researcher should consider which approach will be most efficient
in giving answers to the research questions. For example, if you
decided to use a case study approach to investigate relative clauses,
you would not likely be disappointed.
Sometimes a number of if-clause will e used in parallel sentences to
exemplify and support a main point.
Occur in a concluding sentence that illustrates how a series of
previous statements can be understood via a single example
Summary
The information-structuring functions
• Function
Situation A having been stated:
Restate
If A, (then) C.
Contrast
But if not A, (then) C.
List alternatives
So, If A-1,(then) C-1, if A-2, (then) C-2, if…..
Giving example(s)
(For example), if A-1, (then) C-1.
+) Final position
• [30] b. I don’t know why she goes out
with him if he’s such a jerk.
 restating +afterthoughs
• [32] We have no other option if the government
continues to prevent relief supplies from being
transported to the large numbers of people seeking
humanitarian aid.
 too longer or heavier than the main clause.
Uncertainty
(Except factual conditionals)
•
•
•
•
•
Yes/no questions
Inverted forms
Indirect questions
Reporting doubts
Options (whether)
Conditionals in uncertainty and politeness
Uncertainty
(Except factual conditionals)
Interpreted as an indication that the speaker does not
accept one situation as certain prior to making the
commitment in the main clause. The meaning of the ifclause can be treats as the equivalent of a ‘yes/no’
question which invites or assumes a positive answer
before the statement in the main clause is to be accepted.
If you are going to the party, I’ll go too.
☞ Yes/No question: =Are you going to the party?
Had I known, I could have come sooner.
Were he to do that, he’d be making a big mistake.
☞ Inverted form: =used in counterfactual conditionals
Conditionals in uncertainty and politeness
Uncertainty
Conditional may have something in common with
questions:
If you are ready, we can leave ->> Are you
ready? Okay we can leave.
After reporting verbs like ask and wonder is an ifclause. In these cases, the word if is not introducing
conditional clause, but it is marking uncertainty.
He asked If you were coming to the party.
Conditionals in uncertainty and politeness
Uncertainty
The word ‘whether’ is used when the uncertainty
involves choice between two options.
I don’t know whether they will arrive today or
tomorrow.
The whether… or construction often marks the choice as
having no influence or relevance for the situation
expressed I the main clause.
We are going whether he wants to or not.
Politeness
• If-clauses mentioning
: Willingness (will or would),
Potential (can or could)
• Possibility (may or might)
• Time imposition
• Personal imposition
Conditionals in uncertainty and politeness
If-clauses mentioning
: Willingness, Potential, Possibility
When one speaker appears to be imposing upon another, there is
a tendency to soften that act of imposition by mentioning
willingness, potentials, or possibility within an if-clause
These if-clauses seem to be designed to mark the speaker’s
uncertainty about his or her right to make an imposition on
another
Ask him to wait a moment, if he would.
☞ Willingness
Hold that open for me, if you can.
☞ potential
I’d like to borrow one of your pens, if I may.
☞ possibility
Conditionals in uncertainty and politeness
Politeness (Others)
These polite conditionals conveying an unwillingness to assume
that another person’s time or schedule can be easily imposed on.
I you have time, could you photocopy this for me?
Other forms of politeness serve general politeness markers for a
variety of situations.
I’m going to switch on the TV, if that’s OK/ if you wouldn’t mind/ if
you don’t have any objections.
It prompts the inclusion of a hedge on some reminders to pay
bills or fees
It is time to renew your subscription, if you haven’t done so already.
Exceptional and concessive
conditionals
•
•
•
•
•
Exclusive
Surprising
Negative
Irrelevant
A type of concession
Exceptional Conditions
Only if: Exclusive conditions
If only: Intensifying unreal conditions
When a condition is emphasized as exclusive the form only if
tends to be used. It is to draw attention to the very exceptional
circumstances required for the situation in the main clause to
take place.
We can use the emergency funds only if it is absolutely necessary.
Typically functions to intensify unreal conditionals expressing
surprise, regret, or whishes. It will frequently occur without a
main clause consequent stated.
A: Yesterday was Bill’s birthday.
B: Ah, if only I’d known earlier (I could have got him a card)!
Exceptional Conditions
Unless; if…not: Exceptional
negative conditions
When the exceptional condition is viewed as a negative, the form
unless can be used.
Don’t start unless you’re sure you can finish
☞ Meaning: except under the following circumstances
Many of its uses, unless can be treated as a strong version of
if…not.
Don’t start if you are not sure you can finish.
While if… not can occur very generally, unless cannot be used in
counterfactuals or when the state described in the conditional or
when then is in the main clause.
If I weren’t so broke, I’d help you out.
If he didn’t have such a big nose, he’d look okay.
If you’re not enjoying it, then I’ll stop.
Exceptional Conditions
Even if: Possible conditions that
will have no effect
When the exceptional condition is presented as expressing a
possibility that has no effect on the main clause, the form even if
can be used.
I would enjoy working here even if they didn’t pay me.
☞ described as a concessive conditional->> similarity in function to
the expression even though
☞ Subtle difference
You should try it, even though it’s difficult (definite out come: real
situation; the work is hard!)
You should try it, even if it’s difficult (possible outcome: unreal
situation; the work can be hard)
The concessive use of even if is to be found in parenthetical
conditionals, marked off in the middle of a sentence by commas or
brackets
Drinking, even if it’s just a glass of wine, is not permitted here.
Teaching Ideas
(Conditionals)
Using an authentic text
Poem: “If I could touch the sky…”
Focus
Hypothetical conditionals
Age
Young – Teenager
Level
Novice high – Mid intermediate
Time
30 minutes
If I could touch the sky…
1. T shows pictures that describe the
poem and has Ss complete the poem
using the pictures (individual or pair work)
<Example Worksheet>
If I could touch the sky…
By Natasha Josefowitz
If I could touch the sky
2. T introduces the original poem.
http://www.starfall.com/n/poetry/touchthes
ky/load.htm?f (video clip)
3. T asks Ss to write their own poem using
if-clause. (For lower level students, T
provides more support)
4. Ss introduces their poem.
Chains of Events
Reference
Grammar Practice Activities
(Penny Ur)
→ Speaking activity
Focus
Hypothetical conditionals
Age
Teenager Adult
Level
Intermediate - Advanced
Time
20 minutes
Chains of Events
1. Divide students into groups of four or five.
2. Give a set of cards to each group.
(The cards include if clauses. If I had a million
dollars,…, If I were not here,…, If I could have
one wish,…)
3. One student pick up one card and make a
sentence with the card. For example, “If I had
a million dollars, I would go round the world.”
4. The text student continues the sentence
by re-forming it into a condition and
suggests a further result, and so on.
<Example>
A: If I had a million dollars, I would go round
the world.
B: If I went round the world, I would meet
some interesting people.
C: If I met some interesting people, I would
write a book about them.
D: If I wrote a book, I would become famous.
Looking Back
Focus
Counterfactual conditionals
Age
Teenager Adult
Level
Intermediate - Advanced
Time
30 minutes
1. Ss write down three events that they are glad
about (positive) and three that they regret
(negative). Provide examples from teacher’s
experience. → Past tense!!
Positive: My family moved to this town.
Negative: I never knew my grandmother.
2. Tell the Ss what it would have meant to
them if things had been different.
- If my family had not moved to this town,
I would never have met my husband.
- If I had known my grandmother, I would
have been able to hear bout her life.
3. Invite Ss to write down their own three
ideas for each category and what would
have happened / not have happened if
things had been different.
4. Ss share their experiences.
How do you wish your life
were different?
Are these sentences true or false?
Find sentences below to support your answers.
A. Berta wants to go kayaking more often.
B. Min Sup and Jin Eun have enough money for a bigger place.
”I just wish I weren’t so busy with my work. I have work most
weekends, so I never have enough time to do anything fun. If I had
more free time, I’d go kayaking every weekend.” –Berta Palmas
”We just got married, and we’re renting a tiny little apartment. It
would be great if we could afford a bigger place to live. We don’ have
enough room for all our stuff.” –Min Sup and Jin Eun
C. Bryan is going to Egypt this year.
D. Irene lives close to her sister.
“Well, I never get to go away on holiday. I just don’t have enough
money. So, I wish I had enough money to go somewhere exciting.
Yeah, if I could choose anywhere, I’d probably go to Egypt
to see the pyramids. That would be great!” –Bryan Gibson
“ I wish I didn’t live so far away from my family. My sister just had a
baby-a little boy-and I never get to see him. I really miss everyone.
If I lived closer, I’d be able to help out.” –Irene Chang
Imaginary situations or events in the
present or future
A. Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs
given.
1. If I _______(earn) more, I _______(can have) my own apartment.
2. If I _______(can find) a job closer to home, then I ______ (not
waste) so much time on the train.
3. If I ______(have) a degree, then I ________(can get) a job.
4. If I _____(have) the chance, I _______(work) in another country or
something like that.
B. Pair work: discuss the sentences above regarding your personal
wishes using if~would (could) as a role play.
Example: “Well, I definitely wish that I had more money. If I had
more money I would buy an apartment.”
“If I had more money, I wouldn’t look for my apartment
but I would travel to Hawaii and stay there for the whole winter.”
Giving advice (If I were you,…)
A. What advice would you give in this situation?
1. “One of my co-workers just got a promotion, but my boss didn’t
give me one.”
2. “I wish I weren’t majoring in history, because I really don’t like it
very much.”
3. “My boss wants me to transfer to another city, but I’m not sure I
want to go.”
4. “I really don’t know what to do when I graduate from college.”
5. “My aunt gave me this sweater for a gift, but it’s not my style.Ill
never wear it.”
B. Pair work: Role play two of the problems above. Take turns giving
advice.
Example: “My boss wants me to transfer to another city. I’m not sure I
want to go.”
“Yeah, that’s a difficult decision. If I were you, I’d meet with
your boss and …”