Criminology A Unit 1

Understanding Crime, Crime Statistics and Why People Commit Crime

What is Crime

According to the legal perspective:

Human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws

What is Criminology?

◆ _________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________ ◆ Data gathering ◆ Analysis of crime patterns ◆ Education and training ◆ Threat assessment

Criminology as a Social Science

◆ Social Science: the study of human behavior ◆ Criminology is considered to be a specialty field within ___________: study of human society and social interaction ◆ Other social sciences include psychology, economics, anthropology, geography, history and political science ◆ Draws upon physical science as well as social science ◆ Biology, Chemistry, Physics ◆ Also draws from fields such as Philosophy and Ethics ◆ Classical Theory of Criminal Behavior

Criminalists

◆ _________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________ ◆ Forensic examiner ◆ CSI ◆ Crime lab technician ◆ Fingerprints, DNA, Ballistics, etc.

Criminal Justice

◆ _________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________ ◆ Law enforcement ◆ Attorney ◆ Prison guard

2 Objectives to Criminology

1. _________________________________ ____ 2. _________________________________ ____ Key to understanding Criminology is understanding when is an act a criminal act

___________________

◆ Regarded by many as founding figure in American Criminology ◆ In defining what is crime….

◆ “

The essential characteristic…is that it is behavior which is prohibited by the State as an injury to the State and against which the State may react…by punishment.

”

Crime is classified into 2 groups

◆ “ Mal ” means bad ◆ ________________: an act so offensive as to be obviously criminal (murder); these crimes are often characterized as a _____________ ◆ ________________: violations of specific regulatory statutes only punishable because of the creation of such acts (traffic violations); these crimes are often characterized as __________________

Elements of a Crime

◆ When is an act a criminal act?

◆ ______________: the act of committing the crime ◆ ______________: the intent to commit the act ◆ Is it possible to have a criminal act without having both of the above?????

◆ Where does age, mental illness, and defense fall into this?????

Types of Crime

◆ Visible or Street Crimes ◆ Crimes against __________________ ◆ Crimes against __________________ ◆ Consumes most of the ______________________________ resources ◆ Most likely to be committed by those labeled as __________________________ ◆ Important statistic when looking ahead to Occupational Crime and the question of inequality in the Justice System

Crimes against People

◆ Homicide ◆ Different forms based on ________________, ______________________, etc.

◆ Rape ◆ Unlawful sexual intercourse by force and without consent ◆ Categorized by actions, age, relationship ◆ According to the National Violence Against Women Survey, _____% of women reported either a completed or attempted rape in their lifetime ◆ ____% of all victims of sexual assault were under the age of 18 ◆ Assault ◆ An intentional physical attack or a

________ of attack with the apparent ability

so that the victim feels the danger of a physical assault or harm ◆ Most common ____________________________ ◆ _________________: offensive touching or use of force on a person without the person ’ s consent ◆ Stalking ◆ Conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity ◆ First anti-stalking legislation passed in 1990 in _________________________

Crimes against Property

◆ Robbery ◆ The unlawful taking of property from a person ’ s immediate possession by ___________________________________________ ◆ Classified as a violent crime because of force or threat of force ◆ Burglary ◆ The unlawful entry of a structure to ___________________________________ ◆ Larceny ◆ Unlawful taking of another ’ s property with the intent to steal it ◆ Sometimes referred to as “ theft ” or “ larceny-theft ” ◆ ____________ Larceny- felony ◆ Over $1,000 in value ◆ ____________ Larceny- misdemeanor ◆ Below $1,000 ◆ Arson ◆ Any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, ____________________________________________________

Understanding Crime Through Statistics

◆ Use of statistics and analysis of crime develops during 1800 ’ s ◆ Crimes per capita ◆ Thermic Law ◆ ________________________________________________ ______ ◆ ________________________________________________ ______ ◆ Price of _________ and prison commitments ◆ Today in U.S. 3 main areas of crime statistics generated ◆ Based on different methodology and focus ◆ Definitions of crimes may vary ◆ How they are presented and what it says about crime in the U.S.

______________________ UCR

◆ Begun by the FBI in 1929 in response to a national initiative undertaken by the International Assoc. of Chiefs of Police ◆ 1930 Congress gives authority to attorney general to gather crime information ◆ Attorney general designates FBI to serve as national clearinghouse on crime statistics ◆ Police agencies begin reporting; initially 400 police departments in 43 states respond

Focus of the UCR

◆ Initial data was structured in seven major offense categories: (Part 1) ◆ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________ ◆ In 1979, Congress orders _________ added to the list ◆ Rates of crime under the UCR generally expressed as “ x ” number of offenses per _____________ ◆ Percentage increase as well as raw numbers also used ◆ Allows for comparison over time and geographic

Other Parts of the UCR

◆ Also issues a “ _____________________ ” ◆ Those for which an arrest has been made of for which the perpetrator is known but an arrest is not possible; given in % ◆ Part 2 Crime also studied: ◆ All crimes not included in Part 1 fall into Part 2 ◆ Traffic violation, drugs, etc.

Setbacks of UCR Reporting

◆ Looks at only certain crimes in conducting study ◆ Includes only reported crimes to police ◆ Dark Figure of Crime: unreported and underreported criminal activity (Rape) ◆ Fears of retaliation, belief that nothing will be done, shame, having to testify, etc.

____________________________ ___ NCVS

◆ Began collecting data in 1972 ◆ Differs from UCR in one significant way: ◆ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ _______________ ◆ Hence the NCVS uncovers a large number of crimes that may have not originally been reported ◆ Regarded by many as more accurate

Method of NCVS

◆ Information gathered by U.S. Census Bureau personnel who survey approximately 49,000 households consisting of nearly 101,000 people ◆ Conducted at 6 month intervals; individual households rotate out in three years ◆ Collect from anyone 12 years or older

Setbacks to NCVS

◆ Criticized for possible over reporting ◆ Personal Crime may be counted more than once ◆ Robbery could be reported more that once ◆ Property crime/Household is just once ◆ No attempt is ever made to verify the actual occurrence ◆ Definitions of crimes do not necessarily meet that of federal, state, or local statutes

National Incident Based Reporting System NIBRS

• Updated and modified version of the UCR • Funded in part by Crime Identification and Technology Act of 1998 • Revises definitions of a number of index offenses • Creates a broader category for serious crime • Group A • 22 categories made up of 46 specific crimes • Group B • 11 additional crimes as Group B Offenses • Incident driven: _____________________________ ________________________________________ ______________________________________ __

Group A Offenses

◆ Arson ◆ Assault offenses ◆ Bribery ◆ Burglary (Breaking and entering) ◆ Counterfeiting/Forgery ◆ Destruction/Vandalism ◆ Drugs ◆ Embezzlement ◆ Extortion/Blackmail ◆ Fraud offenses ◆ Gambling ◆ Homicide (including manslaughter) ◆ Kidnapping ◆ Larceny/Theft ◆ Motor Vehicle Theft ◆ Pornography ◆ Prostitution ◆ Robbery ◆ Forcible sex offenses ◆ Nonforcible sex offenses (including statutory rape) ◆ Stolen Property ◆ Weapons

Group B Offenses

◆ Bad Checks ◆ Curfew/loitering/vagrancy violations ◆ Disorderly conduct ◆ Driving under the influence ◆ Drunkenness ◆ Nonviolent family offenses ◆ Liquor Law Violations ◆ Peeping Tom ◆ Runaway ◆ Trespass of real property ◆ All other offenses

Goal of NIBRS

◆ _________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________ ◆ Victim and offender profiles ◆ Moves beyond just numbers and data ◆ Specialized crime information can be developed

Crime Statistics Today

Eagan, Dakota County, and Minnesota

City of Eagan Crime Statistics

◆ UCR Part 1 Statistics (10 year numbers) Homicide Rape Robbery Agg. Assault Burglary Larceny Auto Theft Arson 2 30 19 88 0 24 25 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 ___ 7 33 28 18 13 24 9 27 28 10 15 28 8 21 27 8 17 22 1 14 18 4 ___ ___ 269 211 255 269 261 189 190 219 177 ___ 1359 1238 1369 1289 1358 1287 1398 1339 1400 ____ 80 11 80 6 64 11 58 11 53 14 39 5 43 3 55 9 ___ 13 3 ___ ___ Crime Rate Per 100,000 2779 2470 2686 2558 2719 2451 2635 2512 2551 ______ Minnesota Per 100,000 3531 3376 3311 3384 3391 3324 3105 2894 2797 ______

Part 2 Crime

◆ Significant Crimes 2011 ◆ _______________________: 249 ◆ Fraud: 179 ◆ Vandalism: 346 ◆ ____________________: 235 (up from 169) ◆ _____________: 254 (up from 233; 511 in 2001) ◆ Liquor Laws: 88 ◆ Disorderly Conduct: 139 ◆ Total: 1795 (down from 1911) ◆ Crimes per 100,000: 2794

Eagan Police Department Fun Facts!

◆ Total Calls for Service in 2011: 49,132 ◆ Police Reports Filed: 8,019 ◆ Most Common Citation Issued ◆ ____________________________ (1,236) ◆ 2 nd most common: Seat belt violation (911) ◆ 3 rd most common: Driving after suspension (499) ◆ 4 th most common: Speeding ◆ Most Accident Prone Intersection ◆ __________________________________: 36 ◆ Cedar Ave. and Cliff Road: 29 ◆ Pilot Knob and Yankee Doodle: 27

Dakota County Statistics

◆ Total number of adult felony charges increased in 2011 ◆ 1,714 up from 1,464 in 2010 ◆ Mainly property offenses ◆ _________________________________ __________________________________ _______ ◆ 403 in 2011 ◆ 395 in 2010 and 375 in 2009

Dakota County Drug Charges

◆ _______-related felonies were the highest at 156 ◆ Down from 168 in 2010 ◆ 1 meth lab was seized in 2011 ◆ No meth labs were seized in 2009 or 2010 ◆ 6 meth labs were seized in 2007 ◆ 9 in 2006 ◆ 28 in 2005 ◆ Marijuana decreased from 105 to 102 in 2011 ◆ Cocaine stayed the same at 88 ◆ ______________ increased from 21 to 39 ◆ ____________________________ increased to 79 ◆ Had been 57 in 2010 ◆ Major area of focus for Attorney ’ s office and Sheriff ’ s department

Impact of Drugs in Crime Stats

◆ Viewed in 3 areas ◆ Illegal drug trade ◆ Illegal drug use ◆ Connection between drugs and other crimes

Drug Trafficking

◆ Includes manufacturing, distributing, dispensing, importing, and exporting a controlled substance or counterfeit substance ◆ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ _______________ ◆ International drug trade and violence ◆ Methods involved in drug trade ◆ Tunnels, subs, swallowers, luggage, humans and animals

Illegal Drug Use

◆ Individual drug use up to ____ million in 2010 ◆ U.S. continues to see increase in marijuana use ◆ _____ million compared to 14.4 in 2007 ◆ Illegal drug use most common ages ________ ◆ 21.5% in 2010 ◆ Use of _____ has decreased by half since 2006 ◆ Cocaine use has also dropped

Drugs and other criminal activity

◆ ______________________________________ _____ ◆ Established by National Institute of Justice in 1998 ◆ Drug Use Forecasting Program had been set up in 1987 ◆ ADAM tracks trend in prevalence and types of drugs among booked arrestees ◆ Based on surveys and urine samples ◆ 35 sites originally selected ◆ ADAM II ◆ 10 sites included beginning 2007 ◆ Minneapolis statistics 2011 ◆ ___% of adult males tested positive for at least one drug ◆ Marijuana was most common with ___%

Further Statistics

◆ State Prisons survey ◆ ___% say that they or their victims were under the influence of ________________ at the time of the offense – 50% report having been under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time ◆ Nearly 40% of youths incarcerated in long term facilities were under the influence ◆ 80% of adult inmates report drug use at some time ◆ 83% of incarcerated juveniles report use at some time

Hate Crimes in America

◆ _________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________ ◆ Race ◆ Religion ◆ Ethnic/National Origin Group ◆ Sexual Orientation ◆ Physically/Mentally Challenged

Hate Crimes Statistics

◆ Tend to be excessively brutal and result in more serious injuries than common criminal attacks ◆ Most hate crimes involve a physical assault using weapons ◆ Majority of Hate Crimes are committed by young white males against people of other races ◆ 2008 UCR Statistics ◆ 51.0 percent were victimized because of ______ ◆ 17.9 percent were targeted because of a ________________ ◆ 17.6 percent were victims because of a bias against a particular ________________________________ ◆ 12.7 percent were targeted because of a bias against an ___________/_______________ origin ◆ 0.9 percent were victimized because of a bias against a _____________

Hate Crimes Examples

◆ James Byrd, Jr.

◆ Dragged to death behind truck in 1998 by 3 men convicted of murder ◆ Lawrence Brewer executed Sept. 21, 2011 ◆ One remains on death row ◆ Third suspect life in prison ◆ Matthew Shepard ◆ College student from Wyoming murdered by two other men in 1998 ◆ Shepard who was homosexual was tied to a fence post and beaten to within an inch of his life ◆ Found 18 hours later and taken to the hospital where he died 6 days later ◆ 2 men convicted sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole ◆ Their claim is that it was a robbery and not a hate crime

Hate Crime Legislation

◆ 1964 Federal Civil Rights Law ◆ Permits federal prosecution of anyone who "willingly injures, intimidates or interferes with another person, or attempts to do so, by force because of the other person's race, color, religion or national origin ” ◆ Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 ◆ Mandated the Uniformed Crime Report add Hate Crimes to its list of reported crime ◆ Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 ◆ Requires the addition of crimes committed against people with disabilities to the list ◆ 2009: Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act ◆ Expanded existing U.S. Federal Law dropping prerequisite that the victim be engaging in federally protected activity

Technology Crimes and Identity Theft

Article pair and share: Skimming and Phishing

Crimes Using Technology

◆ As technology advances, it creates new and unforeseen opportunities for criminal behavior ◆ Examples ◆ Internal Computer Crimes (viruses) ◆ Telecommunications (hacking) ◆ Support of criminal enterprises (gambling) ◆ Computer-manipulation (embezzlement) ◆ Copyright violation (software theft, downloads, etc.) ◆ Identity theft (phishing, skimming, credit card) ◆ Early on computer crimes were prosecuted under laws against ______________________________________ ◆ Because the actual carrying off of a computer is different from simply copying information, it was more difficult to prosecute ◆ For the most part, federal laws protect equipment owned by the _____________________________________________

Identity Theft

◆ Since 2005, estimated between __-__million plus victims of identity theft a year ◆ Difficult to always know because of identification and knowledge of being victimized ◆ Businesses “ losing ” information without notification ◆ ___________ identity crimes leads to a conviction ◆ Unauthorized use of credit cards most common ◆ Other Examples ◆ Personal information to open new account ◆ Car loan, mortgage, utilities ◆ Use of information to obtain job, benefits, medical

Additional Statistics

◆ Average amount of reported loss in 2007-2008 study was $________ ◆ Missing money or noticing unfamiliar charges was most likely means of discovery ◆ Highest percentage of victims (29%) ages __-__ ◆ 30% of those who knew how identity was stolen during a purchase or transaction ◆ 20% from wallet or checkbook ◆ Estimated financial cost both direct and indirect between 2007-2008 was $_____ billion dollars for individuals ◆ Direct: monetary amount offender obtained ◆ Indirect: cost of legal fees, bounced checks, etc.

How identity is stolen from

◆ ______________

individuals

◆ Bogus emails sent to access personal information (address, social security, etc.) ◆ Example: prize winning in foreign country ◆ Never respond to unknown sender ◆ _____________ ◆ Stealing of credit card numbers ◆ Use of technology as it has developed ◆ Associated with restaurants and diners ◆ Attempts to prevent for individuals and businesses ◆ Mail theft ◆ Stolen computer information ◆ Bogus websites ◆ Businesses “ lose ” or hacked into ◆ Veterans Administration, Colleges, Ebay

Cases and Prosecution of Identity Theft

◆ Department of Justice Cases ◆ Fiscal year 2006: 1,945 charged with identity theft (up from 1,571 in 2005) ◆ FEMA Fraud following Hurricane Katrina ◆ 75 months for filing fraudulent claims ◆ Many involved use of other ’ s Social Security numbers ◆ 2003 California law required companies to disclose breaches of security to affected residents ◆ Use of identity for criminal offenses now ◆ New York case: 22 criminals charged with selling identities for $7,000-$10,000 each ◆ Includes driver ’ s licenses and birth certificates ◆ Sold to convicted criminals and those on no-fly list for example

Ways to protect yourself

◆ Consistently check band and credit statements ◆ Keep track of cards ◆ Credit reports for new accounts ◆ Shred unused documents ◆ Protect technology (passwords, emails, online shopping) ◆ Efforts of banks and businesses ◆ Suspicious spending, personal identification, etc.

◆ Other examples?