Transcript Slide 1
Water and Sanitation
In Humanitarian Crisis
Presented By Roy Hunt, P.Eng.
Komex International Ltd.
Outline
Elements of a Humanitarian Crisis
Humanitarian Crisis Response
Importance of Water and Sanitation
WatSan Intervention
Case Study
How to get Involved
Elements of a Humanitarian Crisis
Vulnerable Population
Burmese IDPs
Refugees
in Thailand
in Sudan
Source:Source:
CARE ECHO
Conflict
Poor Governance
Geographical Isolation
Weak Infrastructure
Lack of Disaster
Response Planning
Marginalized Groups
Demographic Shift
Elements of a Humanitarian Crisis
Catastrophic Event
250
Floods
36%
Drought
51%
200
150
200
46
21
er
s
es
ic
s
lD
is
at
ur
a
Earthquakes
7%
N
Cyclones and
Hurricanes
4%
32
m
in
Tsunamis
2.0%
em
Co
nf
lic
t
0
Volcanoes
0.5%
as
t
50
Fa
100
Pa
nd
Conflict
Pandemics
Famines
Natural
Disasters
in the 20th
Caused Disasters
DeathsNatural
Century (millions)
Elements of a Humanitarian Crisis
Conflict as a Catastrophic Event
300,000 people are killed each year
Majority of deaths are civilian
10 Million International Refugees (2004)
25 Million Internally Displaced (2004)
70 to 80% are Women and Children
Extended conflicts often neglected by media
Myanmar, Columbia, Cote D’Ivoire, DRC,
Indonesia, Iraq, Nepal, Chechnya, Somalia,
Sudan, Uganda
Elements of a Humanitarian Crisis
Setting
Refugee Camp
Hosted in Local
Community
Population in
Disaster Area
Population on
the Move
Flooding
in Bangladesh
Refugees
In Burundi
Source: ECHO
Source: ECHO
Refugees Pakistan Border
Source: MSF
Humanitarian Crisis Response
Process
Assessment
Mobilization
Program Design
Implementation
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Transition
Water Provision in Tanzania
Source:
ECHO
Loading
Materials
Source:
OXFAM
Rwandan Refugee
in DRC
Source: MSF
Humanitarian Crisis Response
Important Aspects
Logistics
Source: ICRC
Myanmar
Source: MSF
Food
Distribution
Sudan
Refugee Registration ininSudan
Source:
MSF
Source:
MSF
IDP
in DRC
Source: ECHO
Population Assessment
Site Planning
Logistics
Health Services
Commodity
Distribution
Food and Nutrition
Communication
Transport
Hygiene
Water & Sanitation
External Liaison
Importance of Water & Sanitation
Developing Countries - Causes of Death
Cause
HIV / AIDS
Respiratory Infections
Heart Disease
Diarrhoeal Disease
Cerebrovascular Disease
Childhood Diseases
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Pulmonary Disease
Measles
Deaths
2,678,000
2,643,000
2,484,000
1,793,000
1,381,000
1,217,000
1,103,000
1,021,000
748,000
674,000
Communicable
Disease
Major Cause of
Death in Disaster
Directly Related to
Poor Water and
Sanitation
Source: WHO 2001
Importance of Water & Sanitation
Diarrhoeal Disease
Intervention Effect
EXCRETA
↑
BARRIER
WATER
FLIES
BARRIER
HANDS
BARRIER
FOOD
MOUTH
Water Quality
↑ Water Quantity
Hand Washing
Latrines
All Measures
WatSan Intervention
Water Supply Objective
To provide safe and equitable
access to a sufficient quantity of
water to meet communal needs
through effective source
selection, collection, treatment,
storage, and distribution.
WatSan Intervention
Water Supply Principles
Give priority to quantity
while respecting quality
Directly involve
beneficiaries
Avoid the need to treat
water (surface water)
For high population
concentrations, disinfection
is absolutely necessary
Secure a reserve supply
and capacity to cover
contingencies
Water Supply
in Iraq
Rainwater
Catchment
Albania Source:
Water Storage
Source:ECHO
WSSC
Tank
Source: ICRC
WatSan Intervention
Water Supply Principles
Sudan Water Distribution
Source: ICRC Well Construction Tap Stand - Sudan
Myanmar
Source: ICRC
Source: ICRC
Account for variations in
demand, quality, and
supply
Ensure equitable
distribution
When minimum survival
needs can’t be safely met,
population must be moved
Minimum survival needs
7 liters / person / day
Increase to 15-20 liters
as soon as possible
WatSan Intervention
Sanitation Objective
Control
and manage excreta, solid
waste, medical waste, dead
bodies, and wastewater
Promote best hygiene practice in to
create a safer environment and
minimize the spread of disease in
a disaster affected area
WatSan Intervention
Sanitation Principles
Pit Latrine Construction
VIPLatrine
Latrine
Casting
Source:
MSFSlabs
Source:
WSSC
Source:
WSSC
Take fast action to
prevent water supply
contamination
Swift provision of a basic
system is better than
delayed, improved
systems
Account for sanitation in
site selection and design
Technology should be as
simple as possible
Include continuous
maintenance of facilities
WatSan Intervention
Sanitation Principles
Latrines best allocated on
a family basis
Refuse disposal arranged
on a community basis
Safely dispose of medical
waste
Burial arrangements are
required from the start
Provide vector control
Preference for
environmental measures
over chemicals
Mosquito Spraying
Source:
WHO
Banda Aceh Body
Removal
Tanzania Soap Distribution
Source: ECHO
Source: OXFAM
WatSan Intervention
Community Participation
Establish consultative and participatory
structures and work within local structures to
support and enhance their long term capacity.
Essential when unfamiliar with customs and
culture of those being assisted
Make full use of resources
Local Residents
Skilled and Unskilled Labour
Public Health Experts
National Institutions
Materials & Technology
Traditional Practices
Sudan
Source: ICRC
WatSan Intervention
Indicators
The crude mortality rate is the
number of deaths in a population due
to disease, injury and malnutrition
Specific causes of morbidity should be
tracked for early detection of
epidemics, and indications of
inadequate water and sanitation
Case Study – Sierra Leone
Project
Area
Case Study
Sierra Leone Civil War
Civil war began with rebel
incursions in in 1991 and
escalated through decade
Majority of the population
was displaced
Cease fire signed in 2001
Peace process included
deployment of over 15,000
UN peacekeepers
Most of the upland areas
remained in rebel control
with no security or services
Peacekeeper
Source: BBC
Refugees
Source: www.sierraleone.org
Case Study - Sierra Leone
But Not All Bad
Case Study - Sierra Leone
But Not All Bad
Case Study - Sierra Leone
But Not All Bad
Case Study - Sierra Leone
But Not All Bad
Case Study
Sierra Leone
Joined Medecins Sans Frontieres in 2001
Completed Logistic and WatSan Training
Posted to Magburaka, Sierra Leone
After briefing, arrived at project Christmas Eve
Nine month assignment
High security risk
Case Study - Sierra
Leone
MSF In Sierra Leone
60 International Staff
500 National Staff
Restoring Healthcare
Mental Health
Therapeutic
Feeding Centers
Amputee
Source: BBC
Child Soldier
Source: BBC
Case Study - Sierra Leone
Tonkolili Project - Local Situation
Returnee population
Medical facilities
destroyed, abandoned
High infant mortality
High maternal mortality
Recent shigella outbreaks
High incidence of watsan
related diseases
Malaria
Diarrhoea
Respiratory Infections
Parasites
Case Study - Sierra Leone
Providing Primary Health Care
Support Large Hospital
Pediatrics & Maternity
Emergency Surgery
Lab Services
Out-Patient Services
Health Care in District
Remote Locations
Mobile Clinics
Outbreak Intervention
Mother-Child Healthcare
Psycho-Social Support
Population Monitoring
Case Study - Sierra Leone
Logistics and WatSan
Human Resources
Communications
Power Supply
Rehabilitation
Construction
Supply Chain
Purchasing
Fleet Management
Financial Control
Water
Base
Medical Facilities
Temporary Facilities
Sanitation
Latrines
Vector Control
Waste Disposal
Wash facilities
Training
Case Study - Sierra Leone
Magburaka Hospital
Case Study - Sierra Leone
Magburaka Hospital
Case Study - Sierra Leone
Surgery
Case Study - Sierra Leone
Hospital Rehabilitation
Case Study - Sierra Leone
After Hospital Rehabilitation
Case Study – Sierra Leone
Community Health and Hygiene Training
Case Study - Sierra Leone
Reconstructed Health Outpost
Case Study - Sierra Leone
Providing WatSan at Refugee Transit Station
Case Study - Sierra Leone
Latrine Construction
How to get Involved
International Organizations
Many groups
1,000 in 1951
16,000 in 1990
Differences
Philosophy
Area of focus
Engagement
Capacity
Security
International Confederation
of the Red Cross/Crescent
Medecins Sans Frontieres
Registered Engineers for
Disaster Relief
Maintains a roster of emergency
professionals for short term
assignments with other agencies
www.reliefweb.int
Job posting site for INGO’s
Thank You for Your
Time
Questions and Discussion