Transcript THE IMPACT OF THE FAMILY:
THE IMPACT OF THE FAMILY
“My life was shaped by my
Dr. Martha Piper, Former UBC President
family
”
© Dr. Francis Adu-Febiri, 2014
THE IMPACT OF THE FAMILY: Presentation Content
1. Educational Attainment & Educational Achievement 2. Economic Attainment 3. Health 4. Fertility
IMPACT OF THE FAMILY ON EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT & EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT Educational Attainment = Level of Education Educational Achievement = Test Scores “Family background proves to be more important than test scores [educational achievement] in predicting who attends university [educational attainment]” (Henslin et al 2004: 342).
IMPACT OF THE FAMILY ON EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Dr. Martha Piper and Dr. Bill Piper have two daughters. Emily is officially Dr. Emily Piper, 34, a consulting Psychologist…and maintains a private practice aside. Her younger sister is now Dr. Hannah Piper, 29, who, having graduated from Princeton (BSC) and Harvard (MD) is in the midst of a general surgical residency (Trek, Winter/Spring 2006, p. 21).
IMPACT OF THE FAMILY ON EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
The family has the strongest influence on the educational aspirations, experiences, achievements, attainments, and expectations of students. But for working class families in which neither the mother nor the father has a university degree, higher education is a foreign territory (Gilbert and McRoberts 1977).
What makes the most difference in our lives is family socialization and not education per se, because of the power of the family’s value and definition of education.
THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
Many families erroneously see education as the transmission of information and ideas, instead of seeing education as the training needed to generate and make use of creative ideas (Pamela Hieronymi (2012, p. A5 CAUT Bulletin) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDZF cDGpL4U http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG9C E55wbtY&NR=1
THE FAMILY, EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT UNIVERSITY:
Upper & Middle classes Dominant race/ethnicity
Social Class HIGH
FAMILY
Test Scores
Educational Track EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
LOW
Gender Race & Ethnicity
Drop Out VOCATIONAL:
Lower classes Minority Race/ethnicity
FAMILY, EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT In effect, educational attainment is primarily a function of a combination of mental ability, effort, finances, cultural background, etc., all of which have their roots in the family.
FAMILY AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT: Country Illustration
1. USA: Even students with low SAT scores enter university since parents can afford tuition.
2. JAPAN: Children of affluent parents attend cram (‘juku’) schools that enhances their admission to prestigious universities and placement in prestigious companies.
3. EX USSR: Children of the more educated and party members attended higher educational institutions.
4. EGYPT: Children of the wealthy are several times likely to get higher education.
5. THIRD WORLD: The children of the wealthy and powerful usually have education beyond the basic.
6. CANADA ? ? ?
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN CANADA, BY FATHER’S EDUCATION LEVEL FATHER’S EDUCATION Grade 8 or less Grade 9 –12/13 Some Post-secondary Post-secondary graduate
CHILDREN WITH POST-SEC EDUCATION
31% 47% 60% 68%
Sources: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey, 1986.
The Effects of Parents’ Social Class on the Education of 19-Year Old Canadians
Percentage attending university Percentage not attending university partly because they can't afford it Percentage from single-parent household Percentage with parents who have at least an undergraduate degree Bottom Second Third
Parent’s Income Quartile
Source: Frenette, 2007
BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY MATTERS IN EDUCATION
“Family background proves to be more important than test scores in predicting who attends university” (Henslin et al 2004: 342). THE AMERICAN CASE: Of the brightest 25% of high school students, 90% of those from affluent homes go to college, while only 50% from low income homes do so. Of the weakest students, 26% from affluent homes go to college, while only 6% from poorer homes do so (Henslin et al 2004).
BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY MATTERS IN EDUCATION
THE CANADIAN CASE: In Canada students from higher class backgrounds are far more likely to go to university than students from lower class families within the same cohort. If you rank families from the poorest to the richest, as the income increases the likelihood that the children will attend institutions of higher learning also increases (Manski 1992-1993; Curtis, Livingston & Smaller 1992).
BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY MATTERS IN EDUCATION
Most children of the less privileged families are funneled into job training programs, while children of the middle classes families attend universities and university transfer community colleges. The children of the elite, in contrast, attend exclusive private schools, such as Upper Canada College, where their learning environment includes small classes and well paid reputable teachers (Persell et al 1992). Here they inherit cozy social network of the nation’s and the world’s most elite institutions. Some of these networks are so efficient that a majority of these private schools’ graduating classes are admitted to McGill, University of Toronto Law School and University of Western Ontario’s Business School, or to Harvard, Yale and Princeton (Henslin et al 2004).
BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY MATTERS IN EDUCATION
Some visible minority youth are aiming higher when it comes to education largely
own families
,
due to educational values promoted from within their
according to new University of Alberta research.
http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/sociolog y/news.cfm?story=44972). (April 5, 2006
IMPACT OF FAMILY & EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC ATTAINMENT
THE STORY OF THE IMPACT OF FAMILY AND EDUCATION
LEFT BEHIND
Steven Barkan (2012, pp. 281 287)
LEFT BEHIND
The industrial economy with its focus on manufacturing left behind most western women, particularly feminized women. The postindustrial economy with its focus on knowledge has left behind workers without post secondary degrees.
Postindustrialization and globalization of the economy encourage outsourcing that has left behind Euro-American unskilled service workers in the areas of customer care, billing services, etc.
The emergent post-postindustrial global economy with its focus on thinking and relationships is leaving behind people with post-secondary degrees who are bankrupt in creative thinking, design thinking, and people skills.
The new gender gap projects that the majority being left behind by this new economy are men.
LEFT BEHIND
Pepper knows how you feel but still wants your job A robot designed to read and respond to human emotions will be sold at Sprint Corp. stores in the United States by next summer. Marketed by SoftBank Corp., the four-foot-tall humanoid, named “Pepper,” dances, tells jokes and estimates human emotions based on observed expressions. SoftBank chairman Masayoshi Son said the company is investing in robotics to boost Japan’s domestic production, adding that he expects to replace 90 million jobs with 30 million robots. (Bloomberg News) (http://www.planetsmag.com/story.ph
p?id=1708)
LEFT BEHIND
People left behind by the various economic systems are those who experience oversocialization in lower class families or undersocialization in middle/upper class families and undersocialization in the education system
IMPACT OF FAMILY & EDUCATION
1. Unemployment 2. Income 3. Participation in House Work 4. Labor Market Participation 5. Labor Force Participation 6. Health and Life Span 7. Fertility
IMPACT OF FAMILY & EDUCATION
Unemployment: Let's consider the data. Across Ontario in 2013, the average unemployment rate in the 25-29 age bracket was just 6.5 per cent for university graduates. That figure was 6.7 per cent for college grads, 10.8 per cent for graduates of the trades, and 10.3 per cent for high school graduates. ( http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/bonnie-m-patterson/canada university_b_5952274.html
http://www.cou.on.ca/publications/reports/pdfs/cou university-works-report---february-2014 )
IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON INCOME
Education Level Median Annual Earnings Post-Bachelor $66,535 Bachelor Univ. below Bachelor $56,048 $47,253 College Trades or Apprenticeship High School Less than High School $42,937 $39,996 $37,403 $32,029 When a person who was born into a poor family graduates from college or university he/she has one in five chance of entering the top quintile of all income earners as an adult (Isaacs et al 2008).
AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S DEGREES IN CANADA: MEN Degree Area Actuarial Science Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineering Electrical and Electronic Engineering Economics Computer Science and Other Applied Mathematics Business, Commerce and management Chemistry Income $95,000 $80,000 $73,000 $72,000 $70,000 $70,000 $63,000
Source: Maclean’s Magazine, Nov. 19. 2007, p. 33
AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S DEGREES IN CANADA: MEN Degree Area Physics Biology Sociology Social Work Psychology History English Income $58,000 $52,000 $51,000 $49,000 $49,000 $47,000 $45,000
Source: Maclean’s Magazine, Nov. 19, 2007, p. 33
AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S DEGREES IN CANADA: MEN Degree Area Philosophy Fine Arts Anthropology Music Income $44,000 $42,000 $40,000 $38,000
Those earning the above-average incomes generally had degrees in applied fields: business, engineering, plus some sciences.
The one constant seems to be a solid grasp of math
(Maclean’s Magazine, Nov. 19, 2007, p. 33).
AVERAGE ANNUAL SALARY OF 2009 SOCIAL SCIENCE GRADUATES: From Ontario Universities Six months after 2009 graduation $36,292 Two years after 2009 graduation $42,593 http://cou.on.ca/publications/reports/pd fs/2011-survey-highlights---ontario graduate-employme
Lingering Myths about the Value of a Social Science Degree
Employment Rates of 2009 Social Science Graduates from Ontario Universities
Six months after 2009 graduation 86.2% Two years after 2009 graduation 91.2% http://cou.on.ca/publications/reports/pdfs/ 2011-survey-highlights---ontario-graduate employme
Lingering Myths about the Value of a Social Science Degree : Skill Match Six months after graduation, 76.3 per cent of graduates from Ontario universities employed full-time considered their work either “closely” or “somewhat” related to their university education.
Two years after graduation, 82.3 per cent of graduates from Ontario Universities employed full-time considered their work either “closely” or “somewhat” related to their university education.
http://cou.on.ca/publications/reports/pdfs/2011-survey highlights---ontario-graduate-employme
AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S DEGREES IN UNITED STATES
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03 /09/college-majors-one percent_n_1335938.html?ref=canada&ir =Canada
Certain majors are more common among the nation's top earners, as seen in the infographic below from CollegeOnline.org
to data from the Community Survey , . Those who majored in pharmaceuticals, chemical engineering and economics have the highest median earnings of majors represented in the one percent, according U.S. Census Bureau's American while concentrations such as health, English literature and ethnic and civilization studies have the lowest.
Lingering Myths about the Value of a Social Science Degree
Some 84.2% of social science graduates were employed three years after graduating, compared with 79% of arts and humanities graduates and 78% of graduates with science degrees, the figures suggest…They are also more likely to be in managerial or senior roles (UK’s Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA), August 2013.
The researchers define social sciences as including economics, management, business studies, anthropology, sociology, criminology, human geography, media studies, town planning, education and politics.
Ref: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-24707507 Ref: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/management/careers/What-Do-SS-Grad-Do-- Campaign-for-Social-Science-2013.pdf
IMPACT OF FAMILY ON INCOME: Theoretical Perspectives
IMPACT OF FAMILY ON INCOME: Theory: The Power of Social Relationships
INTERACTIONIST PARADIGM:
One of the most intriguing discoveries of the Grant Study was how significant men’s relationships with their mothers are in determining their well-being in life. For instance, Business Insider writes : “Men who had ‘warm’
childhood relationships with their mothers took home $87,000 more per year than men whose mothers were uncaring.
( http://www.feelguide.com/2013/04/29/75-years-in-th making-harvard-just-released-its-epic-study-on-what-men require-to-live-a-happy-life/ ).
IMPACT OF FAMILY ON INCOME: Theory: The Power of Knowledge & Skills FUNCTIONALIST PARADIGM: “The Marshmallow Test”
Society needs people to develop their skills [and knowledge] in order for society to realize its full potential, so it rewards those who make the sacrifices necessary to develop those skills [and knowledge] through education. (Witt and Hermiston 2010, p. 23).
The ability to sacrifice or postpone gratification is acquired through family socialization.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9 614HQ
IMPACT OF FAMILY ON INCOME: Theory: The Power of Family Culture
FUNCTIONALIST PARADIGM “The love of money is the root of all evil” versus “ The lack of money is the root of all evil” (Kiyosaki & Lecter 2000, p. 13).
The culture of your family makes a difference.
IMPACT OF FAMILY ON INCOME: Theory: The Power of Family Culture FUNCTIONALIST PARADIGM: One of the reasons the rich get richer, the poor get poorer, and middle class struggles in debt is because the subject of money is taught at home, not in school. Most of us learn about money from our parents (Kiyosaki & Lechter
2000, p. 14).
IMPACT OF FAMILY & EDUCTION ON INCOME: Theory: The Power of Social class
SOCIAL CONFLICT PARADIGM
Source: Robert Kiyosaki and Sharon Lechter (2001). Rich Dad, Poor Dad
IMPACT OF FAMILY & EDUCATION ON INCOME: Theory: The Power of Social class SOCIAL CONFLICT PARADIGM: Education does not so much provide opportunity as reinforce the existing system of inequality by providing the illusion of opportunity…People more or less end up in the same economic position in which they began their education journey (Witt and Hermiston 2010, p. 23).
IMPACT OF FAMILY & EDUCATION ON INCOME: Theory: The Power of Social class Family location in the social stratification system and the quality of social relationships in the family influence peoples’ connections and experiences with the world of work: The sectors of the economy The labour markets The evolving economic systems and their transition stages
IMPACT OF FAMILY & EDUCATION ON INCOME: Theory: The Power of Social class THE THREE SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY (Read page 386) Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector
IMPACT OF FAMILY & EDUCATION ON INCOME: Theory: The Power of Social class TWO LABOUR MARKETS: (Read p. 386 389) Primary Labour Market: Professions “…requiring post-secondary training or education, provide a stable and comfortable salary, future growth and promotion potential, and attractive fringe benefits…” Secondary Labour Market: McJobs “… insecure and temporary, offer minimal pay, and provide few opportunities to advance”.
IMPACT OF FAMILY & EDUCATION ON INCOME: Theory: The Power of Social class EVOLUTION OF THE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 1. Pre-Industrial Economy (Ecology Economy) 2. Industrial Economy (Brawn and Dexterity Economy) 3. Post-Industrial Economy (Knowledge Economy) 4. Post-postindustrial Global Economy (Creative Ideas and People Skills Economy)
IMPACT OF FAMILY & EDUCATION ON INCOME: Theory: The Power of Social class http://www.thestar.com/business/2013/ 05/24/decoding_canadas_skills_crisis.ht
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PEOPLE WITHOUT JOBS - JOBS WITHOUT PEOPLE
IMPACT OF FAMILY & EDUCATION ON EMPLOYMENT: Theory: The Power of Social class socialization
THE EDUCATION – JOBS GAP
Universities are not, and should not be, in the business of producing “plug and play” graduates – workers who can fit immediately into a specific job in which they will spend the rest of their lives. Rather, universities must provide the kind of broad intellectual and personal development that enables graduates to thrive in a world that is constantly changing, a world that demands INNOVATION
thinking—Adu-Febiri 2013]
[“crazy thinking” informed by creative thinking based on critical
and adaptability, a world in which they will change jobs frequently between the time they enter the work force and the time they retire (Max Blouw Sept. 03, 2013, The Globe & Mail). ( http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/universities-should-educate employers-should-train/article14078938/ ).
IMPACT OF INCOME ON HEALTH
“Rich v. poor: The lives we can expect from our income”
By Andre Picard http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/rich-v-poor-the-lives we-can-expect-from-our-income/article793139/ Socio-economic determinants of health include education, housing, physical environment and, above all, income. Put bluntly, poverty makes people unhealthy and poverty kills.
IMPACT OF INCOME ON HEALTH
Only 51.2 per cent of Canadian men in the lowest income group (the bottom 10 per cent) can expect to live to age 75. By comparison, 74.6 per cent of high-income earners (the top 10 per cent) can expect to see 75.
That is a startling 23.4-point difference - not good odds.
For women, the comparative figures are 69.4 per cent of poor women living to 75, compared with 84.4 per cent of wealthy women. A smaller, but still significant, 15-point gap.
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/rich-v-poor-the lives-we-can-expect-from-our-income/article793139/
IMPACT OF INCOME ON HEALTH
Being wealthy translated into 11.4 more years of healthy living for men and 9.7 for women. There are a lot of numbers to digest here, but the bottom line is this: People's income (or lack thereof) has about twice the impact on their health as cancer does.
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/rich-v-poor-the-lives we-can-expect-from-our-income/article793139/
The data tell us that the most powerful tool we have in our health-care armamentarium is income redistribution.
IMPACT OF INCOME & EDUCATION ON FERTILITY
There is an inverse association between income per adult and fertility among countries, and across households this inverse association is also often observed. Many studies find fertility is lower among better educated women (T. Paul Schultz, Yale University: http://www.econ.yale.edu/~pschult z/cdp925.pdf
CONCLUSION
“Choose Your Parents Carefully” is my sarcastic topic to draw attention to the significant impact of the family of orientation on peoples’ behavior and condition in human society. The point is, one’s parents immensely shape one’s destiny, so there is a need to choose your parents carefully if that is at all possible. But of course, we don’t choose our parents. So whatever status we occupy because of our parents is an “ascribed status”, not an achieved status”.
However, it is not your parents per se that make the difference, but rather their locations in the social stratification system and their family culture. That is, the quality of their relationships with the social structure, particularly the education and economic institutions as well as the innovative and teamwork values of their family culture.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, the future belongs to people who grew up in families that socialize and encourage them to “think crazily, work effectively as team players, and keep up with math” (Fareed Zakaria “Innovators: Driving the Future”, GPS Special, CNN, Sunday November 30 2014). People without these qualities are likely to be LEFT BEHIND!
CONCLUSION
Most innovations happen because of teamwork: Teamwork: You have to know how to work with people and get others to want to work with you. It’s probably a crucial skill and yet the [formal] education system is mostly about solo
performances (Jeff Bewkes, Chairman &CEO of Time Warner Inc., cited by Fareed Zakaria “Innovators: Driving the Future”, GPS Special, CNN, Sunday November 30 2014).
CONCLUSION
People who love the arts and humanities should endeavor to appreciate the beauties of Math and Physics…Otherwise, they will be left as bystanders at the intersection of arts and science where most digital-age creativity will occur. They will surrender the control of that territory to
engineers (Walter Isaacson, author, The Innovators, cited by Fareed Zakaria, “Innovators: Driving the Future”, GPS Special, CNN, Sunday November 30 2014).