Transcript IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN

IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES
FOR WATER USE EFFICIENCY
 Overview & Challenges 
by
Paiva Munguambe & Mário Chilundo
Maputo, 15th November 2010
IFAD- Regional Workshop
Centro Internacional de Conferências Joaquim Chissano
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Layout
 Why
IT & IWUE?
 Trends of International Organizations &
Agencies Focus
 Legal & Institutional Framework
for IT & IWUE
 Overview of Irrigation Technologies
 Indicative Investment & Operational Costs
 Challenges for IT
 Final Remarks
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Why IT & IWUE

Population growth
› The continuing food crisis and volatile food prices
Competition from other water users
 Climate variability – floods and droughts
 Shortage of water storage capacity
 Environmental & water quality degradation

Adapted: Madramootoo (2010)
Major Drawbacks
› Weak institutional capacity & legislative framework
enhancement
› Lack of investments in agriculture and water development
› Weakened applied research & technology transfer
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Trends of International Organizations & Agencies Focus

World Bank (1990-1997)
› Modernization of irrigation systems
› Sustainable land and water use
› Widespread use of maintenance technology

FAO (1998-2008)
› Dissemination of knowledge
› Capacity building (irrigators, public & private sectors,
colleges, universities, etc.)
… why irrigated agriculture still facing the same
problems?
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Water Efficiency: …a key link
between balancing current &
future water needs …
› More crop per drop
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Legal & Institutional framework for IT &
IWUE
 e.g.
MOZAMBIQUE
 The
Water Law 16/1991 & the Water Policy 2007
› the Water Law sets water as a public good including the
basic principles of water management; organization; users
rights & obligations
› foresees the creation of several regulation bodies and
instruments to facilitate specific management and
leadership of the Water Sector
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Legal & Institutional Framework for IT &
IWUE
… cont…

The Water Law 16/1991 & the Water Policy 2007 …
› e.g. National Water Council (Article 17), the Regional
Water Administrations (ARAs) (Article 18); Water
Users' Associations (Article 20)
› Article 46 on Irrigation - the Law calls for the
adoption of measures to ensure the rational and
sustainable use of irrigation water by users
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LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
for IT & IWUE
… cont…
 Central level
› The MINAG => DNSA
 Department of Hydraulic Engineering (DEH) => responsible
for planning & development of irrigation related activities
› ARAs => Management Units

Provincial & district levels
› DPA & SDAEs
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Irrigation Technologies

World’s Irrigation Types
278 Mha of irrigated land
Field (1990)
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Irrigation Technologies

e.g. Irrigation in Mozambique
8%
42%
50%
Surface
Sprinkler, floppy & pivot
Micro Jet & drip
 120 000 ha of equipped land; 34% operational
10 2003
Source: FDHA,
Indicative World’s Irrigation Water Efficiency
Serageldin (1997)
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Rainfall Partitioning - Field Scale
Rainfall (100%)
Crops (10-30%)
Weeds (10-20%)
Evaporation
(30-50%)
Storage
OCEAN
Deep Percolation
(5-10%)
Figures adapted from Hatibu & Rockström
12 (2005)
Indicative Investment Costs
e.g. Sprinkler
Rehabilitation
New Construction
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Adapted: EU, 2009
FAO-AQUASTAT, 2007
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Trends of Operational Costs
GreenScapes, 2007
What strategies to adopt?
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Investment &
Operational Costs
Investment & Operational Costs
Micro Jet & Drip
Sprinkle; Floppy & Pivot
Surface
How to integrate the
approach and
increase efficiency
keeping the costs at
lower rates?
Storage, Conveyance &
Application Efficiencies
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More Detail
Challenges for IT Developers & …
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3
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More Useful
How to make
use of farmers’
experience &
knowledge vs.
IT
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Final Remarks
The success or failure of an Irrigation Technology
depends to a large extent on careful selection,
thorough planning, “accurate” design and effective
management
 Surface irrigation will still dominate as the primary
irrigation method especially in developing
countries …?
 Irrigation technology gaps remain & farmers/client
demand will continue

Can we manage & save irrigation water?
Y/N “by making the food chain more efficient”
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The success of any Irrigation
Technology needs people
Who design & build it
Who live it
Sleep it
Dream it
Believe it
and build great future plans for it
Adapted: Reinders (2006)
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