Transcript WASAMED

Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques
Institution de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT)
EFFICIENCE DE L’UTILISATION DE L’EAU
CHEZ LE BLE ET L’ORGE SOUS DIFFERENTS
REGIMES HYDRIQUES ET DE FERTILISATION AZOTEE
DANS DES CONDITIONS SUBHUMIDES DE TUNISIE
WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT AND BARLEY UNDER
DIFFERENT WATER AND NITROGEN REGIMES IN THE
SUBHUMIDE CONDITION OF TUNISIA
H. J. Mellouli, M. Ben Naceur, M. El Felah,
M. S. El Gharbi, M. Kaabia & H. Nahdi
INRAT - Rue Hedi Karray 2049 Ariana – Tunisie.
E-mail:[email protected]
M. Karrou, INRA – Settat – Maroc
Objectives
To test, in field experiments, the management
strategies, to improve growth and water use
efficiency of wheat and barley under
4 water regimes & 4 N levels (Semi-arid).
2 water regimes & 4 N levels (Sub humid).
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Agriculture & Future Research
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3
Experimental Sites
CARTE BIOCLIMATIQUE DE LA TUNISIE
Adaptée par FITOURI Mustapha ( I.N.R.G.R.E.F.) à partir de :
- Carte des étages bioclimatiques de la Tunisie 1/2000000
Bizerte
M. GOUNOT et H. N. LE HOUEROU, 1955
- Carte bioclimatique de la Tunisie Septentrionale 1/500000
M. GOUNOT et H. N. LE HOUEROU et al 1967
Sejnane
El Haouaria
Mateur
Tabarka
Tunis
Kélibia
Ain Draham
Beja
Jendouba
Zaghouan
Nabeul
Le Kef
Siliana
Maktar
Sousse
Monastir
Kairouan
Thala
Mahdia
El Jem
Kasserine
Sidi Bou Zid
Sfax
Gafsa
Nafta
Houmt Souk
Tozeur
Gabès
Kébili
Matmata
Douz
Medenine
Ben Gardane
Tataouine
LEGENDE
Remada
Humide supérieur
Borj Bourguiba
Humide inférieur
Sub-humide
Semi-aride supérieur et moyen
Semi-aride inférieur
Aride supérieur
2 sites, located in a cereal growing
areas, were selected for running
water and nitrogen experiments on
cereals
 An experimental station located in
Agricultural Development Company
“EL KHIR” At Mhamdia (North, 30 Km
from Tunis).
 Oued Mliz experimental station of
INRAT (North-Western, 180 Km
from Tunis).
Aride inférieur
Saharien supérieur
Saharien inférieur
Courbe des précipitations
annuelles moyennees en mm
Echelle
I.N.R.G.R.E.F. Nov.2002
0 km
100 km
Water Saving in Mediterranean
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Experimental Site Characterisation
 Alt.
: 200 m (asl)
 Latitude : 36°27’ N
 Longitude : 8°26’ E.
 By using « La carte Agricole de Tunisie,
MARH, 2001-2003)
 THE CLIMATE
 THE PEDOLOGIOCAL CHARACTERISTICS
 THE SOILS APTITUDE TO CEREALS.
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OUED MLIZ STATION (CLIMATE)
OUED MLIZ
Station
(Subhumid Climate)
500 mm
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OUED MLIZ STATION
(PEDOLOGIOCAL CHARACTERISTICS)
Alluvial Deep
Soils
Texture: clay to
clay Loam
Water Saving in Mediterranean
Agriculture & Future Research
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OUED MLIZ STATION
(Aptitude to Cereals)
Higly adapted to
cereal crops
Water Saving in Mediterranean
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Soil Analysis -Oued Mliz Site
22/11/2005 Averages of 3 profiles
Depth
cm
0
20
20
40
40
60
60
100
Clay
%
29
30
30
37
Silt
%
42
42
37
36
Sand
%
Text
ure
pH
EC
mmhos
/cm
Tot.
Calc
%
Act.
Calc.
%
OM
%
P205
ppm
K20/
1000
29
Clay
Loam
8.4
1.2
14
5
2.0
47.7
0.55
28
Clay
Loam
8.6
0.7
15
4
1.4
30.7
0.41
33
Clay
Loam
8.7
0.8
16
7
1.1
26.7
0.19
27
Clay
Loam
Water Saving
8.9 in Mediterranean
1.0
16
5
0.8
22.7
0.36
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Soil Moisture pF Curves
Desorption Characteristic (van Genuchten Model)
OUED MLIZ
5,0
pF
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
volumetric water content (vol/vol)
0-20
20-40
40-60
60-100
0-20 c
20-40 c
40-60 c
60-100 c
Water Saving in Mediterranean
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 Water Stock at
FC (mm/m)
370
 Water Stock at
WP (mm/m)
220
 Available Water
Capacity (mm/m)
150
10
Genotypes X Environment X Water X Nitrogen
Split Plot
Randomized Water Regimes
Randomized Nitrogen Fertilization
Levels
 Water Regimes
 0% ETM : Rainfed
 100% ETM Full Irrigated
 Nitrogen Levels
 WHEAT (0, 50, 100 & 150 Kg
N/ha)
 BARLEY (0, 25, 50 & 100 Kg
N/ha)
Karim: Durum wheat,
created by INRAT
since 1973.
Registered in 1980
Manel : created in
1996 by INRAT.
Suitably for sub
humid area and
adapted to double
use
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Sowing Date and Doses
Emergence Date & Nitrogen applications
Nitrogen Applications
Ammonium Nitrate 33.5% N
Sowing
Crop
Wheat
Barley
Date
12/12/05
12/12/05
Seeds/m²
350
Doses
(Kg/ha)
180
Emerg
ence
12/01/06
250
100
12/01/06
Timing
Emergence
25%
Tillering
50%
Wheat
Barley
25/01/06 25/01/06
(3-5
(3-5
leaves)
leaves)
14/03/06 14/03/06
06/04/06 06/04/06
Stem
elongation
25%
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Rainfall (2005/2006)
0UED MLIZ
2005/2006
MEAN
June 06
May 06
Apr 06
March 06
Feb 06
Jan 06
Dec 05
Nov 06
Oct 06
Sept 06
P (mm)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
 September : > -50%
 the Sowing month of November
was
very
dry
in
with
Precipitation deficit of 76%
 December and January were
very wet.
 53% deficit was recorded
during February.
 April which is the month of
milky and pasty grain phases
suffered from 67% as deficit.
 It’s important to underline that
precipitations of December and
January were very useful in the
supplying of the soil water
reservoir.
Water Saving in Mediterranean
Agriculture & Future Research
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Oued Mliz
Irrigation (mm)
Wheat
Barley
Timing
Date
100%
ETM
Timing
Date
100%
ETM
Tillering
28/02/06
10
Tillering
28/02/06
10
End of
Stem
Elongation
28/03/06
20
Heading
28/03/06
30
Booting
06/04/06
30
Flowering/
Anthesis
06/04/06
20
Milky Grain 18/04/06
40
Milky Grain 18/04/06
40
TOTAL
Water Saving in Mediterranean
100
TOTAL
Agriculture & Future Research
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100
14
Harvest Dates
(12-15 % H2O)
OUED MLIZ INRAT Station
WatNitMED Sites
CULTIVAR
WHEAT
Karim
BARLEY
Manel
Oued Mliz
20-21/06/06
31/05/06
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15
Results (2005/2006)
Wheat : Oued Mliz
800
700
600
Grain 500
Yield 400
(g/m²) 300
200
100
0
800
700
600
Grain 500
Yield 400
(g/m²) 300
200
100
0
N150
N100
100% ETM
N50
100% ETM
N0
N150
0% ETM
700
600
0% ETM
N100
N50
N0
700
600
500
Straw
400
Yield
300
(g/m²)
200
100
0
500
Straw
400
Yield
300
(g/m²)
200
100
0
N150
N100
100% ETM
N50
N0
0% ETM
Water Saving in Mediterranean
Agriculture & Future Research
Needs Bari, Italy 14-17/02/2007
100% ETM
N150
0% ETM
N100
N50
N0
16
Results (2005/2006)
Wheat : Oued Mliz
1800
1800
1500
1500
1200
Biol. Yield
900
(g/m²)
600
1200
Biol. Yield
900
(g/m²)
600
300
300
0
0
N150
N100
100% ETM
N50
100% ETM
N0
N150
0% ETM
500
450
400
350
300
ETR (mm) 250
200
150
100
50
0
N100
0% ETM
N50
N0
500
450
400
350
300
ETR (mm) 250
200
150
100
50
0
N150
N100
100% ETM
N50
N0
0% ETM
Water Saving in Mediterranean
Agriculture & Future Research
Needs Bari, Italy 14-17/02/2007
100% ETM
N150
N100
0% ETM
N50
N0
17
Rainfall (2005/2006)
0UED MLIZ
2005/2006
MEAN
June 06
May 06
Apr 06
March 06
Feb 06
Jan 06
Dec 05
Nov 06
Oct 06
Sept 06
P (mm)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
 September : > -50%
 the Sowing month of November
was
very
dry
in
with
Precipitation deficit of 76%
 December and January were
very wet.
 53% deficit was recorded
during February.
 April which is the month of
milky and pasty grain phases
suffered from 67% as deficit.
 It’s important to underline that
precipitations of December and
January were very useful in the
supplying of the soil water
reservoir.
Water Saving in Mediterranean
Agriculture & Future Research
Needs Bari, Italy 14-17/02/2007
18
Results (2005/2006)
Wheat : Oued Mliz
2,0
2,0
1,5
1,5
WUEg
1,0
(kg/m3)
WUEg
1,0
(kg/m3)
0,5
0,5
0,0
0,0
N150
N100
100% ETM
N50
100% ETM
N0
N150
0% ETM
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
WUEb
2,0
(kg/m3)
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
N100
0% ETM
N50
N0
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
WUEb
2,0
(kg/m3)
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
N150
N100
100% ETM
N50
N0
0% ETM
Water Saving in Mediterranean
Agriculture & Future Research
Needs Bari, Italy 14-17/02/2007
100% ETM
N150
N100
0% ETM
N50
N0
19
Results (2005/2006)
Barley : Oued Mliz
800
700
600
Grain 500
Yield 400
(g/m²) 300
200
100
0
800
700
600
Grain 500
Yield 400
(g/m²) 300
200
100
0
N100
N50
100% ETM
N25
100% ETM
N0
0% ETM
N100
1000
1000
800
800
Straw 600
Yield
(g/m²) 400
Straw 600
Yield
(g/m²) 400
200
200
0% ETM
N50
N25
N0
0
0
N100
N50
100% ETM
N25
N0
0% ETM
Water Saving in Mediterranean
Agriculture & Future Research
Needs Bari, Italy 14-17/02/2007
100% ETM
N100
0% ETM
N50
N25
N0
20
Results (2005/2006)
Barley : Oued Mliz
1800
1800
1500
1500
1200
Biol. Yield
900
(g/m²)
600
1200
biol. Yield
900
(g/m²)
600
300
300
0
0
N100
N50
100% ETM
N25
100% ETM
N0
N100
0% ETM
500
450
400
350
300
ETR (mm) 250
200
150
100
50
0
N50
0% ETM
N25
N0
500
450
400
350
300
ETR (mm) 250
200
150
100
50
0
N100
N50
100% ETM
N25
N0
0% ETM
Water Saving in Mediterranean
Agriculture & Future Research
Needs Bari, Italy 14-17/02/2007
100% ETM
N100
N50
0% ETM
N25
N0
21
Results (2005/2006)
Barley : Oued Mliz
2,0
2,0
1,5
1,5
WUEg
1,0
(kg/m3)
WUEg
1,0
(kg/m3)
0,5
0,5
0,0
0,0
N100
N50
100% ETM
N25
100% ETM
N0
N100
0% ETM
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
WUEb
2,0
(kg/m 3)
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
0% ETM
N50
N25
N0
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
WUEb
2,0
(kg/m3)
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
N100
N50
100% ETM
N25
N0
0% ETM
100% ETM
N100
Water Saving in Mediterranean
Agriculture & Future Research
Needs Bari, Italy 14-17/02/2007
0% ETM
N50
N25
N0
22
Water Saving in Mediterranean Agriculture &
Future Research Needs Bari, Italy 1417/02/2007
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