Transcript Water and Agriculture. - Center For Peace & Civil Society CPCS

Presentation on
Water Sector Development in Sindh:
A case of Irrigation Reforms
SANA Silver Jubilee Convention
St. Louis, MO
July 2009
By:
Nazeer Essani
[email protected]
[email protected]
Home: +92 22 2656377
Cell: + 92 300 301 3385
Outline of Presentation
1. Chronological History and Basic
Facts
2. Wake up Call
• Blessing of Federal Government
• Constraints and Distribution
Inequities
• The Politics of Direct Outlets
• Transparency and Corruption
3. Current development Budget and
Projects
4. Irrigation Reforms
5. Proposals- The Way Forward
Chronological History
and Basic Facts
Indus River- Sindu originates
Indus River, Sindu
- from Tibet to Thatta
Basic Facts
- 21st largest
river in the
World with
regard to
Annual flow
-3180 km long
-Crossing China,
India, Pakistan
-Watershed
1165000 sq KM
- merge to
Arabian Sea
near Thatta
-Lifeline to Pak
and Sindh
economy and
livelihood
History of Canal Irrigation System in Sindh
From 1890s
Irrigation Canals extended
Improved
1910
Inundation – Flood Irrigation
1932
Sukkur Barrage
1955
Kotri Barrage
1962
Guddu Barrage
Irrigation Infrastructure Development in
Sindh
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Irrigation in Sindh has a history of several thousand
years
Indus River is flowing since millions of years. It is
mentioned in Vedas (Rigveda) - oldest book of Hindu
Civilization
The Indus civilization is the richest and one of the
oldest in the world
Irrigation canal systems were extended and
improved during the late 1800s
A major program for improvement and construction
of new inundations canals was undertaken in the
later half of the nineteenth century.
Construction of barrages was started in 1924.
Barrage commanded irrigation was introduced with
the construction of Sukkur Barrage system in 1932
commanding a gross area of some eight million
acres on the left bank of the River Indus.
Kotri Barrage and Guddu Barrage were completed
in 1955 and 1962 respectively.
Irrigation System of Pakistan
Major Storage
(Turbela & Mangla)
2
Barrages
Link Canals
Main Canals
Watercourse
Cultivable Area
19
12
43
107,416
14 million ha
Chotiari
Sindh Irrigation Network
Guddu
Sukkur
Kotri
Total
CCA (M.Acres)
2.179
7.63
3.006
12.815
Canals
3
7
4
14
Br. Canals
15
64
30
109
Distries
124
202
183
509
Minors
96
685
121
902
W.Courses
9762
20328
12178
42268
Schematic Diagram of Canal Systems in Sindh
Desert Pat Feeder
13275 cusecs
Guddu Barrage
Max: 1199672 cs
15 August 1976
N.W Canal, 9450 cs
Sukkur Barrage
Max:1166574 cs
15 August 1976
SIDA Admin Control Canal
Kotri Barrage
Max:980329 cs
14 August 1976
Arabian Sea
Sindh at Glance
 Third largest Province of Pakistan
 Covers an area of 140,935 Sq. Km. (18% of the
country’s geography)
 Sindh From south to North 580 km and breadth is
275-440 km from east to west. Provides sea port to
country, Coast 350 km
 Indus Delta 250 sq km
 Population is approx 35 million (23% of the total
population of the country). The women share in
Sindh population is 48% - (fig may vary as per next census
planned in 2009)
 Urban population 49%, Rural 51%
 Most of the rains fall between July and September
during southwest monsoons.
 Rainfall is the only source of moisture for areas
other than those irrigated. Two crop seasons : Rabi
(Winter), Kharif (Summer).
 Major crops are: Wheat, Sugarcane, Rice and Cotton
Water Network in Sindh
Total gross command area (GCA) is 14.391 million acres
Barrages: 03
Main Canals: 14
branch canals, distributaries and minors: 1462
WCs: 42000
More than 95% of the irrigation is from canal water.
The system runs 13234 miles in form of main canals,
branch canals, distributor canals and minor canals.
 Approx 80% of the area is underlain by saline
groundwater
 Apart from irrigation system, Sindh has drainage
system which as such is not contiguous and integrated.
There are 13 existing surface drainage systems in
Sindh, which serve a total area of over 6.2 Million acres
(2.5 M ha) and have an aggregate length of about 2,981
miles (4,800 Km).
 In addition there are two sub-surface drainage systems,
which serve an area of 0.10 Million acres (0.04 M ha).
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Poverty in Sindh
 The index of Poverty in Sindh is high, in rural Sindh it is
deep and alarming.
 About 37% population lives below the poverty line compared
to 33% in Pakistan on an overall basis.
 Over 70% of the rural population is landless.
 Rural households, including the landless, derive 56% of their
income from agriculture, directly or indirectly.
 The rural poor tend to be employed mostly as agri. wage
workers.
 The concentration of poor is the highest among categories
of households where the head is an unpaid family worker,
sharecropper, or owner-cultivator owning less than 2
hectares of land..
 Rural Sindh is highly dependent on public services with little
role of the private sector.
 Women in Rural Sindh is acutely disadvantaged and bear a
disproportionately high share of the burden of poverty.
Wake up Call
Water Scarcity
Blessing of Federal Government
• No substantial support and infrastructure
development in Sindh- promoting only WAPDA
instead provincial irrigation and power
department- no power…only irrigation
• Poorly and ineffective projects developmentLBOD, Chotiary Reservoir- immature handing over
• Indirectly keeping federating units away from
developing their own Water Vision and Water
Policy
• Federally prepared National Water Policy and
Water Visions- faulty, not acceptable and do not
address inter provincial water conflict and
environmental, social, poverty and sea water
intrusion issues
• Net Result: Poverty in Rural Sindh 53% compared
to 33% for overall Pakistan and 37% for Sindh
PRESENTLY IRRIGATED AREAS AND PROPOSED WATER
PROJECTS
NWFP
Disputed Territory
PUNJAB
AREA
Presently
Irrigated
Areas
Ongoin
g
Schem
es
Sindh
6.5 MA
1.0 MA
Punjab
33.4 MA
1.5 MA
NWFP
2.3 MA
0.5 MA
Balochist
an
2.2 MA
0.8 MA
TOTAL
44.4 MA
3.8 MA
BALOCHISTAN
SINDH
Sindh in Irrigated Agriculture
• Water is lifeline of Sindh and Sindhis
• Sindh’s contribution in Pakistan’s
Agriculture GDP is approx 30% mainly
through
• Wheat
15%
• Cotton
23%
• Livestock
28%
• Sugarcane
31%
• Rice
42%
• Marine fish
70%
In return: no recognition and water
assurance to Sindh as per Accord
Water Allocation Province-wise
Indus Water Accord 1991
(Total Allocation = 114.35 MAF)
NWFP
5. 78
5. 1%
Balochist an
3. 87
3. 4%
Sindh
48. 76
42. 6%
Punjab
55. 94
48. 9%
Sindh
Punja b
NWFP
Baloc his tan
Volumetric Distribution for Sindh
Total Allocation (48.76 MAF)
9
7.67
8
6.9
Volume of Water (MAF)
7
6.61
6.38
6
5
3
2
3.97
3.92
4
2.19
2.23
2.41
Fe b
M ar
Apr
2.52
2.25
1.71
1
0
Jan
Source: RBMP Studies Vol. 1 & IPD Sindh
M ay
J un
J ul
Aug
Se p
Oc t
Nov
De c
66
-6
7
68
-6
9
70
-7
1
72
-7
3
74
-7
5
76
-7
7
78
-7
9
80
-8
1
82
-8
3
84
-8
5
86
-8
7
88
-8
9
90
-9
1
92
-9
3
94
-9
5
96
-9
7
98
-9
9
20
00
-0
1
Flow data below Kotri Barrage
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Water Resource Constraints..
• Climate in Sindh is Arid and Hot
• Minimal rainfall – 140 mm annually
• Approx half of Sindh is non canal Command- only
rain fed
• Shortage and less supply of Water from RiverViolation of Water Accord
• 85% of Indus river flow occur during 90-120 days
(June-Sept)
• 6.5 to 8.0 MAF Water losses between Sukkur to
Kotri Barrage
• Disposal of saline drainage water and waste into
river & fresh water canals- urban waste (Hyd, Suk)
• 80% of the irrigated land in Sindh is underlain with
saline and brackish underground water- not fit for
agriculture
• Sea water intrusion encroached upto 35 km
affecting 0.6 million ha of land
Water Resource Constraints..
• No storage facility in Sindh except chotiary
reservoir (0.7 MAF) which runs lower than
capacity
• 10 declared wetlands of international
importance (Ramsar Sites)- not enough
water to feed them through regular supply,
seepage or rain- major environmental threat
• Indus River Below Kotri is DRY
• Urban water consumer growing fastKarachi takes 1200 cusecs
• By 2025 Sindh requires additional 25 MAF
to meet agriculture and non agriculture
demand
• Sindh needs water for Development of Thar
Coal- major challenge
Water Resource Constraints
• Sindh canal command is 5.1 million ha. 1.3
million ha is cultivable waste- could be
brought under irrigation if water were
available.
• 50% of total Sindh Canal Command has no
drainage facility- result: 32% irrigated area is
saline and 43% waterlogged. Badin/ Thatta
80% +
• Punjab and Balochistan Drainage effluentwater quality threat to Indus from upper
Riparian
• 2135 km is flood protective embankmentbund. Heavy flood can bring disaster
• Indus provides uninterrupted supply of water
to Karachi Metropolis- 100 miles
transportation- no major revenue/ recovery
• Irrigation System efficiency reduced to
approx. 30%
Transparency and Corruption…
• Corruption influences the governance of water.
The cost is distributed among individuals, society
and environment.
• Poor people are particularly affected as
corruption undermines their livelihood and divert
investment that would otherwise benefit them
• Corruption drains water sector by reducing water
access levels, discouraging investment and
economic growth, undermining democratic
principles, and increasing the strain on ecosystem level.
• Public procurement system can not stop Low
quality projects with highly inflated cost…..
• World Bank estimates 30% to 40% overall in third
world like Pakistan for water projects
Distribution Inequities…
• Externally, Sindh is already deprived of the share
from Indus
• Poor, tail end and small farmer, women, peasant
is most vulnerable
• Rural and urban elites have switched land to fish
farms- taking more water than allocated
• Theft and tempering is very common
• Illegal pumping machines and cuts are commonno checks and control
• The culture of fish farms, hunting lakes has
become fashion with so called rural and urban
elites…
• Colonial mannerisms have not been lost.
• Colonial power sector still operative in allocation
of assets….
The Politics of Direct Outlets
(DOs)
• DOs form a serious constraint to judicious
water distribution- it is like giving road
access to a single home from free way of
California
• Only powerful elite group can get it
sanctioned
• Approx. 20-30% of irrigated command is
served by Dos, especially in Nara Canal
• It forms major constraint in distribution
equities as practically, Dos do not come
under rotation
No Washing Ghat Facility for Women at
Canal
Foot Bridge: High Risk for Women
and Children and environment
Sindh Dev. Budget: 2009-10
PKR 113 Billion
Irrigation/Water Resource:
•
•
•
•
•
PKR 5.00 billion
Rehabilitation of Channels:
PKR 1.25 billion
RBOD:
PKR 3.50 billion
Lining of Minors/Distris:
PKR 1.00 billion
Rice Canal Lining: Larkana City
Small Dams Development:
Other portfolio in Sindh
Police:
Karachi City:
Hyderabad City:
PKR 24.00 billion
PKR 20.00 billion
PKR 06.00 billion
Irrigation Reforms
Irrigation Service Management Challenge- a
financial aspect year 2001-02
Irrigation Sector
Land Reclamation Sector
Head of Account
Expenditure
(PKR in million)
IPD Secretariat
24
Salaries and wages
1239
Salaries and
wages
529
1768
General administration
77
General
administration
9
86
Repair
Maintenance
322
Repair and
Maintenance
172
494
Electricity
233
Electricity
1568
1801
Total irrigation
1867
Total Land
Reclamation
2278
4145
Abiana
600 (32%)
Drainage Cess
(Revenue)
-
600 (14%)
1267
Net Govt.
expenditure on
Drainage
2278
3545
Total shortfall
in a year
and
(Revenue)
Net Govt. expenditure
on irrigation/Subsidy
Head of Account
Expenditure
(PKR in million)
Total
Govt.
Expenditure on I&D
in a year
24
Irrigation Service Management
Challenge- a socio econ. aspect
• The poor water management service directly
affects socio-economic condition of the people
of Sindh province especially rural people who
have direct stake in water-the main source of
their livelihood.
• The index of Poverty in rural Sindh is deep and
alarming. About 37% population lives below the
poverty line compared to 33% in Pakistan on an
overall basis.
• Over 70% of the rural population is landless.
Rural households, including the landless, derive
56% of their income from agriculture, directly or
indirectly.
SIDA -AWBs Status in Sindh
TOTAL
SIDA
Barrages 3
0
GCA
14.158
5.39MA
CCA
12.576 4.81MA
M Canals 14
4
Distr’ies 1446
369
WC’ses
42000
9500
Drains km 3690
2701
(the fig are approximate)
Reforms program to pursue….
• Involvement of farmers at all levels
(esp. tail end + small farmers - they are
represented in Farmers’ Organisations
and in Boards of AWBs and SIDA)
• Peoples participation, service delivery,
fair water distribution
• Training and capacity building of IPD
and SIDA for better water service
delivery and management
• Public-Private Partnership
Deprivation Ranking – Sindh (Rural)
Ghotki
AWB
Legend
Low Deprivation
Medium
Deprivation
High
Deprivation
Proposal
The Way Forward
Proposal…
 Unbundling of WAPDA and empowerment of
Sindh (IPD) in Dam and other project
construction in Sindh
 Complete Ban on sanctioning of Direct Outlets
in order to avoid serving elites at the cost of
poor and small farmers- CM Sindh may be
convinced
 Transparency in resource allocation (and
utilization)- objectively and need based
delivery
 Development of Sindh’s own Water vision,
Water policy and Strategy- time for PPP to
deliver
Proposal…
 Water Governance in Sindh: Transparent
/Accountable/efficient/Equitable
 Sindh may raise voice for rewriting National
Water Policy, water sector strategy, water
vision 2025
 Strong support needed for reforms to involve
farmers and water users in irrigation service
Management
 Karachi and other urban centers and
industrial units and govt. agencies must pay
water charges to Sindh Govt (IPD/SIDA)
 Formation of Sindh Development WatchIndependent Group to monitor development
projects, programmes - SDI and SANA may
come forward-
Indus River at Kotri
Mississippi river
at St. Louis
THANK YOU