Transcript Slide 1

WATER RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT OF
PAKISTAN
IJAZ -UL-HASSAN KASHIF
SMALL DAMS ORGANIZATION
ISLAMABAD
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2
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INDUS
RIVER
BASIN
FROM
SPACE
4
WATER RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
Water Resources Management is the integrating
concept for a number of water sub-sectors




hydropower
water supply and sanitation
irrigation and drainage
environment.
An integrated water resources perspective
ensures that social, economic, environmental
and technical dimensions are taken into account
in the management and development of water
resources.
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OVERVIEW
Pakistan is one of the world’s most arid
countries, with an average rainfall of under
240 mm a year. The population and the
economy are heavily dependent on an
annual influx into the Indus river system
(including the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab Ravi,
Beas and Sutlej rivers) of about 180 billion
cubic meters of water, that emanates from
the neighboring countries and is mostly
derived from snow-melt in the Himalayas
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OVERVIEW-2
The balance between population
and available water already makes
Pakistan one of the most water
stressed countries of the world
with rapid population growth it will
soon enter a condition of absolute
water scarcity
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(Cubic Meters Per Capita Per Year)
DECLINING PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY
OF WATER IN PAKISTAN
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WATER RESOURCES
OF PAKISTAN
Rain fall
Glacier
Ground water
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RAINFALL
Pakistan lies in an arid and
semi arid climate zone
Sources of rainfall


Monsoon
Western disturbances
Mean Annual rainfall


Lower Indus Plain < 100 mm
Upper Indus Plain > 750 mm
Average seasonal rainfall


Kharif = 212 mm
Rabi = 53 mm
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10 YEARS AVERAGE(1990-99)
RAINFALL OF SOME MAJOR CITIES
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GLACIER
Catchment area of Indus basin contains some of
the largest glacier in the world outside the polar
region.
Glacier area of upper Indus catchment is abut
2250 Km2 and accounts about 80% of summer
runoff in river.
Kabul River originates from southern Hindukush
and starts rising approximately a month earlier
than Indus and fulfill the irrigation requirement of
late Rabi and early Kharif crops.
Snow melt account for more than 50% of the
flow in Jhelum River.
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SURFACE WATER ACCOUNT
MAF
Average annual volume of water
from rainfall and snow melt
From Western Rivers
From Eastern Rivers
Diversion for irrigation
Flow to see
System losses
154.00
144.91
9.14
104.73
39.40
9.90
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DETAIL OF SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY
MAF
River
Indus
Jhelum
Chenab
Ravi
Sutlej
Kabul
Total
Average
Average
Average
annual flow annual flow annual flow
(1922-61) (1985-95) (2001-02)
93
62.7
48.0
23
26.6
11.85
26
7
14
26
189
27.5
5.0
3.6
23.4
148.8
12.38
1.47
0.02
18.9
92.62
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SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES
AND CONSUMPTIONS
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Ground Water
Total Groundwater Potential =
Groundwater Abstraction
=
Punjab
(81 % abstraction)

80 % Fresh water, 20 % Saline
Sind

55 MAF
41.5 MAF
(12 % abstraction)
23 % Fresh water & 77 % Saline
NWFP
(5 % Abstraction)
Balochistan (1.2 % Abstraction)
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GROWTH IN USE OF
TUBEWELLS
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GROWING ROLE OF
GROUNWATER IRRIGATION
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DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION
SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN
Description
Under Colonial Rule
(1850 – 1947)
Post independence
development (1947-60)
Indus Water Treaty 1960
Average annual
withdrawals
(MAF)
67
85
108~105
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INDUS WATER TREATY 1960
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INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960
SALIENT FEATURES
All waters of eastern rivers namely Ravi, Beas
and Sutlej allocated to India.
All waters of western rivers namely Indus,
Jhelum and Chenab allocated to Pakistan except
some specified uses in occupied Kashmir.
Pakistan to meet the requirements of its eastern
river canals from the western rivers by
constructing suitable replacement works.
Safeguards incorporated in the treaty to ensure
unrestricted flow of waters in the western rivers.22
INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960
SALIENT FEATURES
Either party constructing a work affecting the other party to
inform the other party at least six months in advance and
supply necessary details to enable the other party to
satisfy itself that the proposed work does not adversely
affect the other party.
Permanent Indus commission constituted to watch
implementation of the treaty and resolve by negotiations
any problem arising thereof.
Procedure for settlement of differences and disputes
outlined.
Differences and disputes first to be resolved by
negotiations by the permanent Indus commission failing
which procedure for settling such
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INDUS BASIN PROJECTS
DAMS
i)
Terbela on River Indus.
ii)
Mangla on River Jhehlum
NEW BARRAGES
i)
Chashma Barrage on River Indus
ii)
New Rasul Barrage on River Jhehlum
iii)
New Marala Barrage on River Chenab
iv)
Qadirabab Barrage on River Chenab
v)
New Sidhnai Barrage on River Ravi
vi)
Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej
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INDUS BASIN PROJECTS
NEW LINK CANALS
i)
Chashma Jhelum Link
(C-J Link)
ii)
Taunsa Panjnad Link
(T-P Link)
iii)
Rasul Qadirabad Link
(R-Q Link)
iv)
Qadirabad Balloki Lin
(Q-B Link)
v)
Balloki Sulemanki Link II
(B-S Link II)
vi)
Trimmu Sidhnai Link
(T-S Link)
vii)
Sidhnai – Milsi – Bahawal Link
(S-M-B Link)
OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED.
i)
Trimmu Barrage
ii)
Balloki Barrage
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KEY WATER INFORMATION
No. of major rivers
5 (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab,
Ravi and Satluj)
No. of major reservoirs
3
No. of barrages / HW / Syphons
23
No. of main canal system
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No. of interlink canals
12
Length of canals
Length of watercourses
60800 Km
1.6 Million Km
Average canal water diversion
104.7 MAF
Groundwater abstraction
41.6 MAF
No. of tubewells
>550,000
Irrigated area
Average escapage to the sea
36 Million Acres
39.4 MAF
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ANNUAL CANAL DIVERSION AND
ESCAPAGES TO THE SEA
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STORAGE PER CAPITA IN DIFFERENT
SEMI ARID COUNTRIES
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INDUS
RIVER
BASIN
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INDUS BASIN
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
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LARGE
DAM IN
PAKISTAN
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SALIENT FEATURE OF MANGLA DAM
Dam type
Height
Length
Lake Area
Catchment Area
Gross Storage Capacity
Live storage capacity
Main spillway capacity
Year of completion
Hydropower generation
Earth fill
380 ft (above riverbed)
10,300 feet
97.70 Sq. Miles
12,870 Sq. Miles
5.88 MAF
5.34 MAF
1.01 Million Cusecs
1967
1000 MW
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RAISING OF MANGLA DAM
The capacity of Mangla Dam has
been reduced by 19.22 % due to
silting
Raising of Mangla Dam is in
progress, main features are: 


Increase in height
Additional storage
Additional power
=
=
=
40 feet
3.1 MAF
1000 GWh
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SALIENT FEATURE OF TARBELA DAM
Dam type
Height
Reservoir Area
Gross storage
capacity
Live storage
capacity
Main spillway
capacity
Year of completion
Power generation
Earth and rockfill
485 ft (above riverbed)
95 Sq. Miles
11.62 MAF
9.7 MAF
6.5 Million Cusecs
1977
3,478 MW
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STORAGE LOSS IN EXISTING
RESERVOIRS
Designed Existing
Live
Live
Percenta
Dam
Storage Storage ge Loss
(MAF)
(MAF)
Tarbela
9.7
7.2
-26%
Mangla 5.3 / 4.75
4.5
-15%
Chashma
0.9
0.4
-55%
Total
15.9
12.1
-25%
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WATER ACCORD 1991
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SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991
Existing uses of provinces remain untouched and
protected.
N.W.F.P / Baluchistan projects which are under execution are
provided their authorized quota of water as existing uses.
Need for additional storages on the
Indus and other rivers
admitted and recognized for planned future agricultural
development.
Need for minimum escapages to sea below Kotri to check sea
intrusion
recognized. Further studies desired to establish
minimal escapage needs below Kotri.
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SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991
No restrictions on Baluchistan to develop water
resources of Indus tributaries flowing through
its area.
Need for establishing Indus river authority for
implementation of the accord recognized and
accepted.
IRSA to have headquarters at Lahore and to
have representation from the four provinces.
Sharing procedure laid down in Para 14(b) of
the accord
Provinces are free to under take new projects
within their agreed shares.
Within their allocations provinces may modify
uses both system wise and period wise.
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APPORTIONMENT OF WATERS OF THE
INDUS RIVER SYSTEM
BETWEEN THE PROVINCES-ACCORD 1991
(MAF)
PROVINCES
KHARIF
RABI
TOTAL
PUNJAB
37.07
18.87
55.94
SINDH*
33.94
14.82
48.76
(a)
3.48
2.30
5.78
CIVIL CANALS (b)**
1.80
1.20
3.00
BALUCHISTAN
2.85
1.02
3.87
77.34
37.01
114.35
1.80
1.20
3.00
N.W.F.P
TOTAL
CIVIL CANALS (b)**
*
INCLUDING ALREADY SANCTIONED URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL USES FOR
METROPOLITAN KARACHI.
** UNGAUGED CIVIL CANALS ABOVE THE RIM STATIONS.
BALANCE RIVER SUPPLIES (INCLUDING FLOOD SUPPLIES
AND FUTURE STORAGES) SHALL BE DISTRIBUTED AS BELOW:
PUNJAB
SINDH
N.W.F.P. BALUCHISTAN
TOTAL:
37%
37%
14%
12%
100%
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SHARING PROCEDURE
PARA (14) OF ACCORD.
14(a) The System Wise Allocations will be worked out
separately on ten daily basis and will be attached
with this agreement as part and parcel of it.
14(b) The record of actual Average System uses for
the period 1977-82 would form the guide line for
developing a future regulation pattern. These ten
daily uses would be adjusted pro-rata to
correspond to indicated seasonal allocations
of
the different canal systems
and would
form the
basis for sharing shortages and
surpluses on all Pakistan basis.
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APPORTIONMENT OF THE INDUS WATERS
(PROMISE AND PROSPECTS)
– AN HISTORIC ACCORD: 21 MARCH 1991
MAIN FEATURES
Existing uses of all provinces to be
protected.
Allocations to different canal systems to
be worked out separately on the basis of
ten daily uses. These uses to help
determine sharing of shortages and
surpluses
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WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD
1991 SHARING PROCEDURE
Sindh holds that the available river supply
should be shared between Punjab and Sindh on
the basis of para (2) accord allocations reflected
in para 14(a) of the accord.
Punjab emphasizes that the relevant clause for
sharing of available river supply is para 14 (b) of
the
accord,
which
envisages
sharing
of
shortages and surpluses on all Pakistan basis
on the basis of average system uses 1978-82.
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SHARE OF THE PROVINCES AS
PER WATER ACCORD 1991
Province
Punjab
Kharif
(MAF)
37.07
Rabi
(MAF)
18.87
Total
(MAF)
55.94
Sindh
33.94
14.82
48.76
NWFP
05.28
03.50
08.78
Balochistan
02.85
01.02
03.87
Total
77.34
37.01
114.35
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INDUS RIVER SYSTEM AUTHORITY
Comprises
Five
Members.
One
from
each
Province and one from Federal Government.
First Chairman Member Balochistan followed by
NWFP, Punjab, Sindh and Federal.
Term of Office
Chairman
One Year
Member
Three Years
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DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN IRSA
Decisions taken by majority votes.
In case of equality of votes,
chairman exercises casting vote.
Aggrieved
party
to
approach
Council of Common Interest for
redressal.
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WATER MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE
IRSA prepares the Forecast of Water Availability
for Kharif and Rabi crops
Based on water availability Forecast IRSA
determines Provincial shares according to Water
Accord Provisions.
Punjab prepares Canal Operation / Distribution
Programme based on its share in consultation
with Punjab Agriculture Department.
If Punjab share is short of requirements Rotational
Programme of operation of channels is prepared
and implemented by the field formations.
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PRESENT PROJECTS
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PAKISTAN WATER STRATEGY AND WAPDA’S VISION 2025
The Pakistan Water Strategy and WAPDA’s
Vision 2025 have reviewed likely future
demands and the implied requirements for
storage.
If no new storage is built, canal
diversions will remain stagnant at about 104
MAF and the shortfall will increase by about
12% over the next decade.
The Pakistan Water Strategy calculates that
Pakistan needs to raise storage capacity by 18
MAF (6 MAF for replacement of storage lost to
siltation and 12 MAF of new storage) by 2025
in order to meet the projected requirements of
134 MAF.
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RAISING OF MANGLA DAM PROJECT
At Mangla Azad Jummu and
Location
Kashmir and District Jhelum
(Punjab)
Dam Type
Dam Earth and Rockfill
Length
11200 Ft.
Height
420 Ft.
Canal Length
0 Miles
Canal Capacity
0
Storage
Power
Cost
Con. Period
2.9 MAF
772 KW
1025 Million US($)
6 Years
Rs.8000 Million has been
arranged by WAPDA, through
SUKUK Bonds.
International Competitive Bidding
(ICB)
Jhelum
Status
Implementation
River
50
SABAKZAI DAM PROJECT
Location
About 2 miles (3km) upstream of Sabakzai
village Zhob Distt. Bulochistan
Dam Type
Length
Height
Dam Earth Fill Zoned Embankment
1300 Ft.
98.42 Ft.
Canal Capacity
3284
Storage
25046 AF
Area To Benefit
25000 Acres
Power
Cost
Con. Period
100 KW
19 Million US($)
3 Years
Status
Feasibility complete. PC-I Sumitted.
River
Sawar Rud Tributry Zhob
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SATPARA DAM PROJECT
Location
About 3.74 Miles 6 KM South of
Skardu. FANA
Dam Type
Length
Height
Dam Earthfill
560 Ft.
128 Ft.
Canal Length
24.5 Miles
Canal Capacity
170
Storage
0.05 MAF
Area To Benefit 15536 Acres
Power
Cost
Con. Period
12.7 KW
36 Million US($)
4.25 Years
Status
Construction in progress.
River
Satpara Stream
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MIRANI DAM PROJECT
Location
In the Dasht River Basin about 30
miles (48 km) West of Turbat Town
in Makran Divn of Bulochistan.
Dam Type
Length
Height
Dam Concrete Faced Rock Fill
335 Ft.
127 Ft.
Canal
Capacity
377
Storage
0.3 MAF
Area To
Benefit
33200 Acres
Cost
101 Million US($)
Con. Period 4 Years
Status
Under Construction on EPC/Turnkey
Basis
River
Dasht
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FUTURE PROJECTS
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INDUS AND JHELUM OFF CHANNEL STORAGE SITES
55
KALABAGH DAM
Dam Height
260 Ft.
Storage
6.18 MAF
River
INDUS
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BASHA DIAMER DAM PROJECT
Location
About 200 miles(320 km) upstream
of Tarbela Dam.
Dam Type
Length
Height
Dam Roller Compacted concrete
3402 Ft.
909 Ft.
Canal Length
0 Miles
Canal Capacity
0
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SURFACE STORAGE IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
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SEDIMENTATION AND STORAGE CAPACITY
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60
WATER RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT IN POTOHAR
PLATEAU OF PUNJAB
PROVINCE
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KEY FEATURES OF POTOHAR PLATEAU
LOCATION
AREA
RAINFED AREA OF NORTHERN
PUNJAB COMPRISING DISTRICT
JHELUM .CHAKWAL, RAWAL PINDI.
ATTOCK AND ISLAMABAD
22000 Sq.Km
No. OF VILLAGES
2600
POPULATION
4.2 MILLION
ANNUAL RAINFALL
400 TO 1400 MM
TOPOGRAPHY
UNEVEN WITH STEEP SLOPES
MAIN RIVERS
INDUS & JHELUM
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STATISTICS
Description Punjab Province Potohar plateau
Area
205345 Sq Km
24000 Sq Km
Population
74.0 Million
6.66 Million
Cultivated
10.70 M ha
1.00 M ha
Area
Irrigated
8.10 M ha
25500 ha
(75.70% of CA) (2.55% of CA)
Rain fed
2.60 M ha
0.987 M ha
(24.30% of CA) (97.45% of CA)
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HYDROLOGY OF POTOHAR
Total basin area
No. of basins
Average yearly runoff
Runoff Tapped
Balance runoff
available
22307 Sq. Km
6 (Soan, Haro,
Reshi, Bunha,
Kahan and Kanshi)
1.88 MAF
0.22 MAF (11.70%)
1.66 MAF (88.30%)
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Area D
Haro Basin
Area C
Area A
F Jang
Reshi Basin
Soan Basin
Kanshi Basin
Area B
Kahan Basin
Bunha Basin
Area A
65
DETAIL OF DAMS
Dams Constructed by WAPDA (1962)
1 No.
Dams Constructed by ADC (1961-1972)
10 No.
Dams Constructed by Small Dams
Organization
1973-1986
1986-1995 (ADB Funded)
2000-2005
8 No.
12 No.
10 No.
Dams under construction
9 No.
Total
50 No.
66
DISTRICT WISE DETAIL OF DAMS
District
Islamabad
Rawalpindi
Attock
Chakwal
Jhelum
Total
Completed
2
6
15
12
6
41
Under construction
0
1
1
4
3
9
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BENEFITS FROM 50 DAMS
Assured Irrigation supplies to 25500 ha of
land
Drinking water supplies
22 MGD from Rawal Dam to Rawalpindi city
0.55 MGD from Khokharzer Dam to Ckakwal
City
2.5 MGD from different dams for small
schemes
Flood Control
Development of Fish Culture
Improvement in environment
Ground water recharge
Recreational facilities
68
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