Transcript Energy & Mineral Engineering: Petroleum Geology

Energy & Mineral Engineering:
Petroleum Geology
SEEMS
Team K
Brooke Abrams
Jesus Ramos
Austin Jacob
Aaron Womack
Why study Petroleum Geology?
• Shortage in natural resources
• Majority come from rocks
Hypothesis:
Fluid flow through fractured porous media is
greater than fluid flow through unfractured
porous media
Fluid Flow through Porous Media
• Fluids
–Gas
• Natural Gas
• CO2
–Liquids
• Water
• Oil
• Porous Media
– Sand
– Soils
– Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
– Limestone
– Shale
– Sandstone
– Coal
Alluvial Environment
RAIN
Sandstone
Swamps
Organics/soils
Dead Sea Life
Ocean
Sand
Beach
Limestone/Shale
Shale
Coal
Boulders
Stone
Organic
Detritus
Porosity
Definition: Measure of
pore space in porous
media.
High
Packing
Sorting
Grain Shape
Low
Helium Porosimeter
•Boyle’s Law:
•Relation of P & V
•Pressure readings to get
Volume measurements
Darcy’s Law
L= Length [cm]
= Viscosity [cP]
Q= Flow Rate [cc/s]
K= Permeability [D]
∆P= Difference in Pressure [atm]
•For Liquid Flow
•Relates Rocks and Fluid
Properties to Pressure
Difference and Flow rate
Absolute Permeability Experiment
Set:
Flow Rate (Q)
Measure:
Pressure Difference (∆P)
Bead Pack Experiment:
Set up
Vacuum
Pump
Measure
Absolute Permeability
Results
Normalized Flowrate VS. Pressure
QµL
2.8
0.19
2.6
0.043
3.01
2.95
0.201
3
0.05
3.5
3.1
0.211
4
0.067
4.69
3.35
0.228
5
0.083
5.81
3.45
0.235
5.6
0.092
6.44
7
6
5
Line of best fit:
y = 78.081x - 11.941
k=78.1 [D]
4
QµL
∆P (psi) ∆P (atm) Q (mL/mn) Q
(cm3/s)
3
2
1
= Slope
0
0.17
0.19
0.21
∆P (atm)
0.23
0.25
Gas Permeability
Boyle’s Law
P1V1=P2V2
Darcy’s Law
Gas flows from high to low P
Porous Media
(P1) Higher Pressure
(V1) Smaller Volume
Gas expands from high to low P (P2) Lower Pressure
(V2) Larger Volume
Boyle’s Law
Gas Permeameter
Measure: Q
Measure: ∆P
Measurements Made
Unfractured Rock
Fractured Rock
Average K:
Average K:
Unfractured Fractured
1.44 [D]
1.74 [D]
∆P [atm]
Q [cc/sec]
K [D]
∆P [atm]
Q [cc/sec]
K [D]
.25
4.0
.97
.25
6.0
1.46
.5
10.0
1.09
.5
9.0
.98
1.00
50
2.26
1.00
62.0
2.82
Fractured increase can be applied
to any rock!
Example: Sandstone
Average K:
Average K:
Unfractured Fractured
1.44 [D]
1.74 [D]
IMPROVEMENT FROM
FRACTURE: 0.30 [D]
Example: Shale
Average K:
Average K:
Unfractured Fractured
0.00001 [D]
0.30001 [D]
What does this mean?
Effects
Positive
Negative
Economical
Natural Gas
produces less
Carbon
Emissions
Vast domestic
reserves
Acknowledgements
• College of Earth & Mineral Sciences
• Dr. Zuleima Karpyn
• Chris Landry
• Alton Aydin
• Ms. Jody Markley
• Mr. Derek James
Penn State View